Els Exam 2

Front 1

what kind of bond does a macromolecule have?

Back 1

covalently bonded

Front 2

where is a macromolecule found?

Back 2

found in foods and living tissue

Front 3

is a macromolecule the most complex or simple organic molecule

Back 3

simple organic molecule

Front 4

what are some examples of hydrocarbons?

Back 4

methane
green house emissions

Front 5

what are the big 4 organic molecules?

Back 5

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Front 6

what do carbohydrate molecules contain? (3 things)

Back 6

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen

Front 7

why are carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen important in carbohydrates?

Back 7

they are the primary fuel for running cellular "machinery"

Front 8

when do carbs turn to fat?

Back 8

when you don't use the carbs up quickly enough

Front 9

why do carbohydrates function well as fuels?

Back 9

they have CH bonds that store energy

Front 10

what is a problem with carbon-hydrogen bonds?

Back 10

they are easily broken and organisms can capture the energy and put it to use.

Front 11

what are monosaccharides?

Back 11

the simplest carbohydrates

Front 12

what are some examples of simple carbohydrates? (2)

Back 12

glucose- found in most plants) C6 H12 O6
fructose-fruits and soda

Front 13

why do dieters lose large amounts of water weight during the first few days of a diet?

Back 13

Water weight: water molecules are bound to glycogen account for much of the weight lost early in a diet

Front 14

what results in eating to much sugar?

Back 14

diabetis

Front 15

what happens in type 1 diabetes?

Back 15

the pancreas doesn't produce insulin

Front 16

what happens in type 2 diabetes?

Back 16

the pancreas is less efficient at moving glucose out of the blood stream (because of sugar)

Front 17

what is high blood glucose a result of?

Back 17

diabetes

Front 18

name 3 examples of double sugars

Back 18

lactose
sucrose
maltose

Front 19

what is polysaccharides

Back 19

contain more than one sugar unit

Front 20

what is disaccharide

Back 20

when 2 simple sugars join together

Front 21

Name 3 complex carbohydrates

Back 21

starch
cellulose
chitlin

Front 22

Name 4 properties of starch

Back 22

-100 or more glucose molecules
-energy stored in plants
-barley,wheat,and rye
-molecule shape: not sweet

Front 23

what is chitin?

Back 23

the rigid outer layer skeleton

Front 24

what does cellulose form? (3)

Back 24

plant structures
wood
cotton

Front 25

how much cellulose(fiber) do men and women need each day?

Back 25

women-25g
men-35g

Front 26

what is the key to introducing fiber into your body?

Back 26

add fiber to your fiber gradually with water

Front 27

how are complex carbohydrates like "time release fuel"

Back 27

glucose molecules are broken and become available one by one

Front 28

what are 4 types of lipids?

Back 28

fats
sterols
phospholipids
waxes

Front 29

what do lipids contain? (3 things)

Back 29

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen

Front 30

how is whale blubber a lipid?

Back 30

lipids are used in animal insulation

Front 31

what are triglycerides?

Back 31

fats that have 3 fatty acids linked to the glycerol molecule

Front 32

what has more stored energy than carbs?

Back 32

lipids

Front 33

what contains all the hydrogen atoms possible?

Back 33

saturated fats
ex:butter

Front 34

what contains few hydrogen atoms?

Back 34

unsaturated fats
ex:olive oil

Front 35

what is hydrogenated fat?

Back 35

artificial saturation of hydrogen atoms

Front 36

what increases cholesterol?

Back 36

hydrogenated fat

Front 37

what regulates growth and development?

Back 37

sterols

Front 38

what is essential in cell membranes?

Back 38

cholesterol

Front 39

what are the 2 steroid hormones?

Back 39

estrogen and testosterone

Front 40

what is linked to heart disease (hardening of the arteries)?

Back 40

blood cholesterol

Front 41

what is blood cholesterol?

Back 41

cholesterol can attach to blood vessel walls and cause them to thicken

Front 42

what is HDL? is it good or bad?

Back 42

high density lipid
good

Front 43

what is LDL? is it good or bad?

Back 43

low density lipid

Front 44

how do you prevent blood cholesterol?

Back 44

eating healthy and exercising

Front 45

3 properties of anabolic steroids?

Back 45

-variation of testosterone
-builds muscle and bone mass quickly
-dangerous to health

Front 46

what is the purpose phospholipids?

Back 46

controls what enters and leaves the cell

Front 47

what are 2 properties of waxes?

Back 47

-prevent water loss
-prevent water logging

Front 48

what 4 molecules make up proteins?

Back 48

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

Front 49

what are the building blocks of life?

Back 49

proteins

Front 50

what is the protein alphabet?

Back 50

proteins are constructed from 20 molecules, or amino acids

Front 51

what does an enzyme work best?

Back 51

when there is optimal temperature and pH, a fever can disrupt this

Front 52

what type of protein is an enzyme?

Back 52

a catalyst protein (speeds up process)

Front 53

Explain lactose

Back 53

missing the lactase enzyme

Front 54

name the 2 nucleic acids

Back 54

DNA
RNA

Front 55

what holds genetic information?

Back 55

DNA

Front 56

what does RNA do?

Back 56

reads DNA and directs protein production

Front 57

what does DNA and RNA combine to do?

Back 57

combine to form proteins

Front 58

what technology advancement was made in 1200's

Back 58

crude magnification

Front 59

who discovered the cell? what year?

Back 59

Robert Hook
mid 1600's

Front 60

what are the two foundations of the cell theory

Back 60

-all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
-all cells arise from other pre-existing cells

Front 61

what technology advancement was made in the 1940's

Back 61

electron microscope

Front 62

when was the cell theory made?

Back 62

mid 1800's

Front 63

which was the first to evolve, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 63

prokaryotes

Front 64

which does not have a nucleus, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 64

prokaryotes

Front 65

how long after prokaryotes did eukaryotes evovle?

Back 65

1.5 billion years

Front 66

how much larger than prokaryotes are eukaryotes?

Back 66

10 times larger

Front 67

what are the 5 structural features of a prokaryote?

Back 67

-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosome
-linear strand of DNA
-rigid cell wall

Front 68

what is the chief distinguishing feature of a euaryotic cell?

Back 68

nucleus

Front 69

what is special about the eukaryotic cell?

Back 69

it can create different compartments within areas of the cell

Front 70

what is the endosymbiosis theory?

Back 70

eukaryote evolution

Front 71

what are 6 properties of the endosymbiosis theory?

Back 71

-a prokaryote ate a non-photosynthetic prokaryote
-eventually the prokaryotes could not live w/o one another
-similar to the development of mitochondria
-chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to prokaryotes
-divide by splitting
-similar DNA

Front 72

what is the function of a cell membrane? what is its foundation?

Back 72

the thin "skin" and "gatekeeper of the cell"
foundation is a lipid molecule

Front 73

what happens when a cell membrane doesn't function properly? what does this disease do?

Back 73

cystic fibrosis
membrane does not allow chloride to move in and out of cell

Front 74

define diffusion

Back 74

no membrane involved, goes from high concentration to a low concentration

Front 75

define osmosis

Back 75

the passive diffusion of water across a membrane

Front 76

what are 2 properties of active transport?

Back 76

-not spontaneous movement
-requires energy

Front 77

what is endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis

Back 77

inside cell
cell eats
cell drinks

Front 78

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 78

cells engulf specific particles

Front 79

what is exocytosis?

Back 79

insulin from pancreas is released to tell the body there is glucose in the blood stream
ex: drinking orange juice does this

Front 80

name 4 properties of the nucleus

Back 80

-genetic control center
-largest and most prominent organelle
-contains chromatin (DNA strands)
-contains nucleolus (builds ribosomes)

Front 81

what is the cytoplasm

Back 81

jelly like substance that fills cell

Front 82

a property of the cytoskeleton

Back 82

gives cell shape and support

Front 83

what are 2 types of cellular movement?

Back 83

cilia
flagella

Front 84

what does cilia do?

Back 84

sweep airways in lungs to keep debris clear

Front 85

what is an example of flagella

Back 85

sperm cells

Front 86

4 properties of the mitochondria

Back 86

-involves respiration
-powerhouse
-converts energy
-comes from our mothers

Front 87

2 properties of lyosomes. what is Tay-Sachs disease?

Back 87

-garbage disposers (cells dispose of waste)
-filled with acids and enzymes to break down waste
-Tay-Sachs disease is when you don't have lyosomes

Front 88

what does the endoplasmic reticulumn do?

Back 88

is the site where cells build proteins and disarm toxins

Front 89

what is the purpose of the rough ER (2)

Back 89

fold and package ribosomes to be shipped out

Front 90

what is the purpose of the smooth ER (3)

Back 90

produce lipids
hormones in ovaries and testes
ER in liver is a detoxifer

Front 91

what does the golgi apparatus do

Back 91

processes molecules synthesized in the cell

Front 92

2 properties of the cell wall

Back 92

-surrounds plasma membrane
-made up of polysaccharide cellulose

Front 93

what is the vacuole? what does it hold(4)?

Back 93

-cells backpack
nutrients and waste, poisons, pigments (chlorophyll), fluids for support

Front 94

what 3 things do only plants have

Back 94

cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts

Front 95

what is the chloroplasts

Back 95

site of photosynthesis