Elizabeth's Early Years

Front 1

How old was Elizabeth when she came to the throne?

Back 1

25.

Front 2

What were the differences in character in experience between Mary and Elizabeth? (3)

Back 2

Elizabeth was better educated.

Elizabeth had a better grasp of political processes.

Elizabeth was a better judge of character.

Front 3

What personal and political experiences had Elizabeth learnt from? (2)

Back 3

A brief relationship with Thomas Seymour.

Implication in the Wyatt's rebellion.

Front 4

Who was Elizabeth's rule compared to and why?

Back 4

That's a vibe for the Henry VIII as she gave orders as he did and was feared like he was.

Front 5

How did Elizabeth differ from her grandfather Henry VII?

Back 5

She has no desire to involve herself in the details of government.

Front 6

In what process did Elizabeth want to be involved in?

Back 6

Decision making process.

Front 7

Why did Elizabeth insist on taking the most important decisions?

Back 7

She was determined to preserve the prerogative powers of the crown.

Front 8

What were Elizabeth's key short-term aims? (3)

Back 8

To consolidate her position.

To settle religious issues.

To pursue peace with the French.

Front 9

Who told Elizabeth that she was Queen a few hours after Mary's death?

Back 9

Sir William Cecil.

Front 10

What did many of Mary's councillors believe about their political career and why?

Back 10

Careers were over as Elizabeth did not share their religious views.

Front 11

What did Mary's counselors make no attempt to do?

Back 11

Interfere with succession set down by Henry VIII.

Front 12

Which two people recognised Elizabeth as the successor?

Back 12

Mary and Philip.

Front 13

How did Phillip show his recognition of Elizabeth as successor?

Back 13

He sent his Envoy to see Elizabeth and months before Mary's death.

Front 14

Who was Philip of Spain's envoy?

Back 14

The Count of Feria.

Front 15

What difficulties did Elizabeth face during her succession? (4)

Back 15

England had suffered a series of bad harvests (food scarce and expensive).

England had suffered from a flu epidemic.

Political and religious situations with delicate.

There had been a disastrous war against France which resulted in the loss of Calais.

Front 16

What were the key features of Elizabeth's consolidation of power? (6)

Back 16

Nicholas Heath announced Mary's death to parliament and proclaimed Elizabeth as queen.

Nine of marriage counselors rode to Elizabeth to show loyalty and support.

William Cecil was appointed principal secretary.

Elizabeth quickly had her Coronation.

She took herself to the tower on several occasions to show herself to renew subjects.

She gained international confirmation from The Count of Feria and Philip.

Front 17

Why was hates announcement of Elizabeth as queen and the support of Mary's councillors significant?

Back 17

It shows that the political elite collectively assented to her accession.

Front 18

Why did Elizabeth announce no further appointment other than Cecil? (2)

Back 18

She kept marriage counsellors guessing about her intentions.

Everyone was loyal so that they could retain loyal favor.

Front 19

Within how many months was Elizabeth's coronation?

Back 19

2 months.

Front 20

Why did Elizabeth hold her Coronation on the 15th of January?

Back 20

Astrological advice.

Front 21

What did the attempt by The Count of Feria to broker a marriage agreement between Elizabeth and Philip show?

Back 21

Philip would not disrupt the smoothness of Elizabeth's succession.

Front 22

What were the two key aspects of deciding the form of religion the country would experience?

Back 22

The legal status of the church.

The books that would be used in Church services.

Front 23

Why did the English church remain part of the Catholic church of Rome?

Back 23

The legal status of the church has not been altered with the death of Mary so the law had to be changed.

Front 24

What was certain about Elizabeth's religious regime?

Back 24

The relationship between the church of Rome and the Church of England would be severed and that the Church of England would be reinstated as a state church with the monarch as its head.

Front 25

What was not certain about Elizabeth's religious regime?

Back 25

Who it would please most the Catholics, the Protestants or the Puritans.

Front 26

What religious situation did Elizabeth inherit? (4)

Back 26

Divided country.

English church that was part of the Catholic church of Rome.

Pope as head of the church.

Returning Protestant exiles.

Front 27

What did the religious settlement consist of?

Back 27

Two acts of parliament and a set of royal injunctions to enforce the acts.

Front 28

What was introduced along with the religious settlement?

Back 28

A new book of Common Prayer.

Front 29

What was introduced in 1563 that was not originally part of the settlement?

Back 29

Thirty Nine articles of religion.

Front 30

What were the names of the two acts in the religious settlement?

Back 30

The Act of Supremacy.

The Act of Uniformity.

Front 31

What happened because of the Act of Supremacy? (9)

Back 31

Restored in law the Royal supremacy in the church established under Henry VIII.

Rejected Mary's restoration of papal Supremacy.

Restored reformation legislation of Henry VIII.

Repealed Mary's heresy laws.

Powers of royal visitation of the church were revived.

Elizabeth was made supreme governor of the Church of England.

Oath of Supremacy was taken by clergyman and church officials.

Legislative authority was given to the Crown to acting matters relating to the church.

The legal position of the Crown in relation to the church was restored.

Front 32

What royal supremacy in the church did The Act of Supremacy restore?

Back 32

Royal supremacy established under Henry VIII.

Front 33

What did The Act of Supremacy reject?

Back 33

Papal supremacy that was restored by Mary under statute law.

Front 34

What happened to the Reformation legislation of Henry VIII reign because of the Act of Supremacy?

Back 34

Restored.

Front 35

What happened to the heresy laws revived in the Mary because of the Act of Supremacy?

Back 35

Repealed.

Front 36

What did the powers of royal visitation of the church allow the Crown to do?

Back 36

Appoint commissioners to visit, reform, order, correct and amend all such errors, heresies and abuses in the church.

Front 37

Why did the powers of royal visitation give commissioners huge amounts of potential power?

Back 37

The heresies against which they could take action were not defined.

Front 38

What are the potential reasons for the Queen becoming supreme governor rather than supreme head of the Church of England? (3)

Back 38

To please Catholics is only God can be head of the church.

To please Protestants as Elizabeth was still in charge of the church.

To please puritans as they believe nobody should be head of the church.

Front 39

What happened for clergyman and church officials who refused to take the oath of Supremacy?

Back 39

There were penalties.

Most Marian Bishops who felt unable to take the oath of Supremacy were deprived of their posts.

Front 40

Why may the visitors empowered to administer the oath under the terms of the Act of Supremacy have been reluctant to deprive too many clergy of their posts?

Back 40

Clergy were difficult to replace

Front 41

Who were the visitors more interested in?

Back 41

Bishops, Deans and Cathedral Canons (the important members of the clergy) rather than ordinary parish clergy.

Front 42

What did the Act of Uniformity lay down? (3)

Back 42

Use of single book of Common Prayer.

Two modifications made to the book of Common Prayer.

Ornaments for discouraged but tolerated as were vestments.

Front 43

Which single book of Common Prayer was to be used?

Back 43

A modified version of the second and strongly Protestant book Cranmer introduced in 1552.

Front 44

What two modifications were made to the book of Common Prayer?

Back 44

Variations in eucharistic belief were possible in that both the 1549 wording and the 1552 wording were permitted.

The black rubric was omitted.

Front 45

Who was able to accept the 1549 wording of eucharistic belief?

Back 45

Most Conservatives even Bishop Gardiner.

Front 46

What was the black rubric?

Back 46

Removed the practice of kneeling at the administration of the Eucharist.

Front 47

What did the act specify about ornaments of the church?

Back 47

Should be those in place before the passing of the 1549 Act of Uniformity and Edward.

Front 48

What is many returning Protestant exiles think about the rules on ornaments of the church?

Back 48

That it was a dating error and did not expect the clause to be enforced.

Front 49

Why would the issues ornaments be a bigger problem later on?

Back 49

Many calvinist clergy saw them as popish and objected strongly to them

Front 50

What were the Royal injunctions?

Back 50

A set of instructions about the conduct of Church services and government of the church.

Front 51

How did the first injunction make their Protestant character clear?

Back 51

It emphasizes the suppression of Superstition (Catholic practices).

Front 52

What rule was made about administering Eucharist?

Back 52

Was to be administered at a simple table rather than altar.

Front 53

What Catholic practices were removed and described as work's devised by man's fantasies? (2)

Back 53

Pilgrimages and candles.

Front 54

What were parish churches required to purchase?

Back 54

An English Bible and a copy of Erasmus' paraphrases.

Front 55

What religion were the visitors nominated by Cecil to enforce the injunctions?

Back 55

Strongly Protestant.

Front 56

What showed Elizabeth's disapproval of clerical marriage?

Back 56

Prospective wives of clergy had to produce a certificate signed by to JPs declaring that they were fit for the role.

Front 57

What did Neale believe about the religious settlement?

Back 57

The Queen was influenced by pressure from Radical clergyman making her back down and accept a more Protestant prayer book and settlement than she wanted.

Front 58

What was the name of Neale theory about the religious settlement?

Back 58

Puritan Choir Thesis.

Front 59

What did Huagaard argue about Elizabeth's religious settlement?

Back 59

The settlement was seen by Elizabeth as final and not a platform for further reform like Neale suggested.

Front 60

What did Hudson argue about Elizabeth's religious settlement?

Back 60

Elizabeth and her ministers always planned a firmly Protestant settlement.

Front 61

What did Jones argue about Elizabeth's religious settlement?

Back 61

The political opposition Elizabeth and her minister faced cannot from the Puritans but the Catholics.

Front 62

What was England's relationship with France when Elizabeth came to the throne?

Back 62

They were in conflict.

Front 63

Why have the conflict between England and France gone badly for England? (2)

Back 63

They lost Calais and the crowns finances have been seriously weakened.

Front 64

What did Elizabeth want to do regarding France?

Back 64

Remove England from the war.

Front 65

Why did neither Philip of Spain nor Henry of France want to continue the conflict either?

Back 65

Both of their countries were in a poor financial state.

Front 66

What was the name of the Peace treaty between England and France in 1559?

Back 66

The Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis.

Front 67

What did the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis include a solution for?

Back 67

The issue of Calais.

Front 68

What was the solution for the issue of Calais? (2)

Back 68

France would keep colour for 8 years then restore it to English control provided England kept the peace in the meantime.

If France fail to return Calais they agreed to pay 500,000 crowns to England.

Front 69

Why did the death of Henry II of France cause problems?

Back 69

His successor and Alderson Francis was married to Mary Queen of Scots Elizabeth's cousin and main Catholic claimant to the throne.

Front 70

With Francis as King which strongly Catholic family was brought to power in France?

Back 70

Guise.

Front 71

Which country did the guise family seek to use as an instrument of French policy?

Back 71

Scotland.

Front 72

What did France send to Scotland?

Back 72

French troops were sent to garrison major Scottish fortresses.

Front 73

Who was alarmed by the sending of French troops to Scotland?

Back 73

John Knox.

Front 74

Who was John Knox?

Back 74

Radical calvinist leader of the Scottish Reformation.

Front 75

Who were the political allies of John Knox?

Back 75

The Lords of the Congregation.

Front 76

What lead to conflict in Scotland?

Back 76

The protestant Lords of the Congregation was seeking power in Edinburgh.

Front 77

Who did the Lords of the Congregation request assistance from?

Back 77

The fellow Protestants in England.

Front 78

Why was Elizabeth initially cautious about supporting the Lords of the Congregation?

Back 78

She did not want to interfere in the domestic affairs of another nation in which subject with rebelling against sovereign authority.

Front 79

Who did Elizabeth strongly dislike and why?

Back 79

John Knox as he was sexist.

Front 80

Who supported intervention in Scotland and why? (4 reasons)

Back 80

Cecil.

He sympathised with the religious predicament of Scottish Protestants.

Knew the England would be more secure without a French Force north of the border.

Sort the removal of Mary Queen of Scots to weaken her influence as claimant to the English throne.

England was more likely to remain Protestant if Scotland was Protestant also.

Front 81

How did Cecil persuade Elizabeth to intervene in Scotland? (2)

Back 81

He played on her insecurity.

He even threatened to resign.

Front 82

What did intervention in Scotland show about how foreign policy could be influenced?

Back 82

It could be influenced by both religious considerations and a key individual.

Front 83

What was intervention in Scotland initially limited to?

Back 83

Money and armaments.

Front 84

What happened at the end of December 1559 to increase English involvement in Scotland?

Back 84

The navy was sent to the Firth of Forth to stop the French reinforcements from landing.

Front 85

What Treaty offered the Lords of the congregation support and sent an army to the North?

Back 85

Treaty of Berwick.

Front 86

Where did the army and the navy blockade?

Back 86

Leith where most of the French Force was situated.

Front 87

What forced the French to withdraw despite the English siege failing? (2)

Back 87

The French fleet was severely damaged by Storm.

Mary of Guise died.

Front 88

In what treaty did Cecil secure favourable terms with the Scottish?

Back 88

Treaty of Edinburgh.

Front 89

Who was accepted as a provisional conciliar government?

Back 89

The Lords of the Congregation.

Front 90

What caused the Guise faction to fall from power?

Back 90

The death of Francis II.

Front 91

What did the fall of the Guises from power cause to end?

Back 91

Mary Stuart's influence on French policy.

Front 92

What did Mary Stuart do after the death of her husband?

Back 92

Return to Scotland.

Front 93

What was Mary Stuart forced to accept in Scotland?

Back 93

The political and religious power of her enemies.

Front 94

Why did Cecil succeeded in Scottish foreign policy?

Back 94

The interests of Scottish Protestants had been protected.

The political influence of Mary Queen of Scots have been reduced.

Front 95

What about Scottish foreign policy made Elizabeth be more cautious?

Back 95

She was aware that victory has been achieved through good fortune (the death of Francis).

Front 96

Who did conflict break out between in France?

Back 96

Catholics and protestants.

Front 97

Who encouraged Elizabeth to put pressure on the French crown when it was weak?

Back 97

Robert Dudley.

Front 98

Why did Leicester encourage Elizabeth to put pressure on the French crown when it was weak?

Back 98

To ensure the return of Calais.

Front 99

Who were the Hugenots?

Back 99

French Protestants.

Front 100

Who was the leader of the Hugenots?

Back 100

Prince of Condé.

Front 101

What did Elizabeth promise the Prince of Condé?

Back 101

6000 men and a loan of £30,000.

Front 102

What did Elizabeth control of for security with her promise to the Prince of Condé?

Back 102

The port of Le Havre.

Front 103

What happened to Condé and the Hugenots?

Back 103

Defeated and Condé was captured.

Front 104

Who was the leader of the French Catholics?

Back 104

Duke of Guise.

Front 105

What happened to the Duke of Guise?

Back 105

He was assassinated.

Front 106

What did both French sides do now they were leaderless? (2)

Back 106

Agree peace terms.

Unite to drive England out of Le Havre.

Front 107

What were the English forced to do when the two French sides united against them?

Back 107

Seek unfavourable peace settlement.

Front 108

What was the name of England's unfavourable peace settlement with the French?

Back 108

Treaty of Troyes.

Front 109

What did Elizabeth lose following the Treaty of Troyes? (2)

Back 109

Money secured in the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis.

Calais, permanently.

Front 110

Why was losing Calais an advantage in the long run? (2)

Back 110

It was expensive to maintain.

Too tempting as a starting point for invasion.

Front 111

Why was losing Calais a failure in the short term?

Back 111

Huge blow to prestige.

Front 112

After intervention in Scotland and France, what did Elizabeth's approach to o foreign policy change?

Back 112

She became more cautious about supporting Protestant causes in Europe.

Front 113

What later foreign policy affair could suggest Elizabeth became too cautious?

Back 113

Netherlands.

Front 114

What suggested Elizabeth made an impressive start as Queen? (3)

Back 114

Skillful accession and coronation.

Impressed experienced foreign observers (Philip).

Achieved religious settlement.

Front 115

What was uncertain at the end of Elizabeth's early years? (2)

Back 115

Marriage and succession.

Front 116

What made the economy unstable when Elizabeth inherited the throne? (4)

Back 116

Bad harvests.

High mortality rates.

High taxation.

Cut in real wages.

Front 117

What is a positive and a negative about high mortality levels?

Back 117

Reduced supply of manpower.

Increased bargaining power of survivors.

Front 118

What was done to deal with the economic problems Elizabeth inherited?

Back 118

Various pieces of legislation were proposed.

Front 119

What made the various pieces of legislation aiming to deal with economic issues ineffective?

Back 119

None were passed into law.

Front 120

What two ineffective means did central government have for dealing with economic issues?

Back 120

Instructions issued to JPs and other officials.

Royal proclamations.

Front 121

Why did royal proclamations often show royal impotence?

Back 121

The government was dealing with issues it barely understood.

Front 122

We now know that real wages were falling, but what did the government think was the issue at the time?

Back 122

Wages were too high.

Front 123

What did the Council of the North try to get the corporation's of York and Hulk to enforce?

Back 123

Schedule of wage rates.

Front 124

How many labourers were charged with unlawfully high wages in York and Hulk?

Back 124

113.

Front 125

What was the Statute of Artificers?

ers?

Back 125

National attempt to sort problems of high wages.

Front 126

What were the rules of the Statute of Artificers? (4)

Back 126

Compulsory labour (especially at harvest time).

Minimum period of 1 year for the hire of workmen (could not leave or be dismissed without good cause).

Prohibition on anyone following a craft unless they had served a 7 year apprenticeship.

Setting of maximum wage rates by JPs in every county.

Front 127

Why did the Local Initiatives by the government to solve economic issues fail?

Back 127

Lacked government powers of enforcement.

Front 128

What powers of enforcement did the government lack to fulfill local initiatives?

Back 128

Bureaucrats to travel round the country inspecting wage rates in every district.

Front 129

Who found it hard to manage wage rates in each district?

Back 129

JPs.

Front 130

What is a vagabond?

Back 130

Someone who wanders from place to place without a home or job.

Front 131

What problems remained widespread under Elizabeth? (2)

Back 131

Problems of poverty and vagabondage.

Front 132

What were the causes of poverty? (3)

Back 132

Increased population.

Lower real wages.

Harvest failures creating food shortages.

Front 133

Despite religious changes, what continued to help the poor?

Back 133

Offerings of private benefactors.

Front 134

Unfortunately what had the offerings of private benefactors become?

Back 134

Insufficient.

Front 135

Who was concerned with the number of homeless people and why?

Back 135

Cecil as he believed it could threaten law and order.

Front 136

What were deserving poor?

Back 136

Those entitled to receive limited assistance.

Front 137

What were undeserving poor?

Back 137

Entitled to be punished.

Front 138

Who was included in deserving poor? (3)

Back 138

Old.

Widows.

Those whose disabilities prevented them from securing employment.

Front 139

What used to have the main responsibility for providing poor relief?

Back 139

The church.

Front 140

What made alternative forms of poor relief necessary?

Back 140

Destruction of church institutions to help the poor during the Reformation.

Front 141

When were pre Elizabeth acts passed to attempt to deal with the poor?

Back 141

1552 and 1555.

Front 142

What did the Elizabethan government do in 1563 to help the poor?

Back 142

Pass a further ineffective act.

Front 143

What did national legislation regarding the poor lag behind?

Back 143

Local provision.

Front 144

In which two boroughs had local provision most notably been set up?

Back 144

Ipswich and Norwich.

Front 145

In what decade did Parliamentary legislation begin to really get to grips with the problems of the poor?

Back 145

1570s.

Front 146

What was the Elizabethan government more successful in with regards to the economy?

Back 146

Stabilising the currency.

Front 147

Before Elizabeth, who had sought (unsuccessfully) to re-stabilise the currency? (2)

Back 147

Northumberland and Mary.

Front 148

What scheme was announced early in Elizabeth's reign to stabilise the economy?

Back 148

Withdrawal of debased coins and it's replacement with soundly minted coins.

Front 149

What was the scheme replacing debased coins with soundly minted coins called?

Back 149

Recoinage.

Front 150

What happened to some individuals because of recoinage?

Back 150

Suffered.

Front 151

Why was recoinage a success?

Back 151

Ensured only sound coins were in circulation.

Front 152

What did the government not do again?

Back 152

Debasement.

Front 153

What problem continued but the government could no longer be held responsible for after recoinage?

Back 153

Continued rise in prices

Front 154

What religion was the religious settlement?

Back 154

Protestant.

Front 155

What did many returning Protestant exiles see the Queen as?

Back 155

The English Deborah.

Front 156

What is the English Deborah?

Back 156

Old Testament heroine who had protected her Israelites from their Canaanite enemies.

Front 157

Using the analogy of the English Deborah, what would Elizabeth protect the godly from?

Back 157

The evils and superstitions of Catholicism.

Front 158

What stemmed from Elizabeth's unwillingness to fulfil the Deborah role?

Back 158

Many religious problems of the reign.

Front 159

Who gave Elizabeth the role as English Deborah?

Back 159

Enthusiastic Protestant councillors.

Front 160

What did one of Mary's bishops refuse to do?

Back 160

Continue to hold office.

Front 161

Who were some of the early appointments to bishoprics?

Back 161

Moderates.

Front 162

Who was a moderate bishop appointed at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign?

Back 162

Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Front 163

Why was Parker trusted despite not being in exile under Mary?

Back 163

He was chaplain to Anne Boleyn.

Front 164

Who were most of the new bishops?

Back 164

Returning exiles.

Front 165

What was the appointment of returning exiles to bishoprics an attempt to do?

Back 165

Reshape the hierarchy of the church alongside more Protestant lines.

Front 166

What were Elizabeth's more conservative attitudes towards the church? (3)

Back 166

Disapproved of clergy marrying.

Distrusted preaching.

Ensured preservation of musical culture in cathedrals and university colleges.

Front 167

What relationship between the state and the church was emphasised by the religious settlement?

Back 167

Erastian.

Front 168

What was the Queen's view about what the religious settlement actually was?

Back 168

Merely an act of State which defined the relationship between the crown and church.

Front 169

What did others believe about the religious settlement?

Back 169

It was a starting point for a process of spiritual renewal bringing about the establishment of a true church of England.

Front 170

What religious was to form from the view that the settlement was just the begining and the the English was God's elect nation for spiritual renewal?

Back 170

Puritanism.

Front 171

Who believed in the view that the settlement was just the begining and the the English was God's elect nation for spiritual renewal? (2)

Back 171

Leicester and Cecil.

Front 172

What two developments defined the settlement over the next 4 years?

Back 172

Publication of 'An Apology of the Church of England'.

Publication of the Thirty Nine Articles of Religion.

Front 173

Who wrote 'An Apology of the Church of England'?

Back 173

Bishop John Jewel.

Front 174

Who was Bishop John Jewel?

Back 174

Been in exile under Mary.

Front 175

What did Jewel argue about the church?

Back 175

It was returning to the true position abandoned many centuries earlier by the Church of Rome.

Front 176

What did Jewels argument show a continuity between?

Back 176

Early Church and beliefs of the reformers.

Front 177

What did the Thirty Nine Articles of Religion aim to do?

Back 177

Define the difference between the Church of England and the Catholic church.

Front 178

What doctrine were the Thirty Nine Articles of Religion supportive of?

Back 178

Reformed doctrine - especially that emerging out of Switzerland.

Front 179

Why did the Thirty Nine Articles of Religion disappoint the aims of the leading members of the convocation?

Back 179

There were remaining features of Catholicism within the church and it's structures, disciplinary procedures, services and clerical dress.

Front 180

Who did not share the vision of reform of the convocation?

Back 180

Elizabeth.

Front 181

What had the Church of England rapidly become in its doctrine?

Back 181

Calvinist.

Front 182

What was the church of England in its structures?

Back 182

Half reformed in the eyes of reformers.