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18 Cards in this Set
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Problems Elizabeth faced when she came to power in 1558 |
▪️Choosing councillors > Privy Council - most important part of gov. > In charge of finance, war and religion > had to choose people she trusted (appointed her council in first 3 months) > met daily ▪️Financial weakness > £300,000 debt because of war > cut back spending, sell land + got £600,000 ▪️Challenges from abroad > Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots married to French heir - STRONG LINK > France - in 1558, France at war with England; direct interest in English crown (Mary Q of S) > Spain - committed to preventing the spread of Protestantism; but had been friendly during Mary I’d reign (married to King Phillip II of Spain) ▪️Religious divisions > Protestantism vs Catholic > England had changed religion three times - a lot of rebellions, unrest > ‘Middle Way’ ▪️Gender > Everyone assumed that women are too weak to run a country ▪️Legitimacy > People thought she was born out of wedlock because they had divorced Catherine ▪️Marriage and succession > Everyone expects her to marry quickly because she’s a woman > want her to secure throne |
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Religious Settlement 1559 |
Was a COMPROMISE ▪️New set of beliefs P > ended confession > not believing in purgatory ▪️ Clergy had to take oath of loyalty P ▪️ Bible and services written in English P ▪️ Elizabeth head of church - Supreme Governor P ▪️ Ornaments and decoration C ▪️ Singing of hymns C ▪️ Clergy had to wear surplice C |
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Why were there few challenges to the Religious Settlement? |
▪️Oath of loyalty - Judges, Priests, Bishops ▪️Priests had a Royal license - should obey ▪️Act of Supremacy 1559 - firmly establish the English monarch as the official head of church - everyone has to take an oath ▪️Act of Uniformity 1559 - if you didn’t go to church you were fined 12 pence ▪️ It was a compromise - most people happy after 38 yrs of chaos ▪️Propaganda - secret messages in portraits; went on pilgrimages to get message out ▪️Accession Day - national holiday to celebrate day she became queen - OBEY
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Why did Mary Queen of Scots cause problems? |
▪️Elizabeth’s heir - as long as Elizabeth remained childless, her heir was Mary. > Since 1561, Mary had been wearing royal coat of arms to emphasise claim > Asked Eliz to be made heir - REFUSED PROBLEM - Mary could get support from English catholics; overthrow Eliz ▪️Link with France and Scotland > lived in France from age 5 and married King of France’s son; strong link > In her absence, Scotland became Protestant; Scottish lords had taken over. Eliz supports lords because doesn’t want Scotland to be catholic PROBLEM - Elizabeth’s involvement with Scotland might cause Mary to retaliate ▪️Mary’s marriages > Lord Darnley - cousin to Elizabeth - double claim to throne. Very unpopular; alcoholic - ordered murder of Mary’s secretary Rizzio PROBLEM - Mary and Darnley both have strong claim to throne + have heir - BIG THREAT > Bothwell - disliked by Scottish lords - reason for abdication PROBLEM - Scotland in turmoil; help cousin or ignore? ▪️English Catholics > Mary was catholic - lots of English catholics believed that she should be queen > When Eliz declared England Protestant, gave reason for catholics to oppose her > Pope issues Papal Bull 1570 and excommunicates her PROBLEM - if any foreign powers (Pope, FR, Spain) decide to launch a religious crusade against England, there might be catholics in eng ready to make Mary queen |
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Revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 |
Who: Wealthy Catholic lords; >Earl of Northumberland >Earl of West Morland Aim: Restore Catholic religion and try to marry Mary to Duke of Norfolk What happened: Ordered tenants to join their army; marched into Durham and York Result: Most lords stayed loyal to Elizabeth; Earl of Sussex assembled a royal army of 10,000 men — rebels fled >West morland escaped abroad >Elizabeth ordered execution of 700 rebels FAILED
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Ridolfi Plot 1571 |
Who: Italian banker Ridolfi (spy for Mary?) and senior Catholic nobles in GB, Spain, Pope Aim: Restore Catholicism and free Mary; marry her to Duke of Norfolk What happened: Ridolfi travelled to meet the Duke of Alva in Netherlands; hoped to convince them to join their Spanish army, so that they could INVADE Result: > Plot discovered by Walsingham - tracked letters. > Duke of Norfolk arrested - beheaded in 1572 > Ridolfi stayed in Paris
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Throckmorton Plot 1583 |
Who: > Francis Throckmorton, young English catholic > nobles, French forces, Spanish money Aim: Restore Catholicism, free Mary What happened: Throckmorton planned the murder of Elizabeth and her replacement with Mary. > Didn’t go ahead because money promised by Philip II didn’t arrive > Walsingham tracked letters, tortured Throckmorton > Confessed that Mary knew, but then changed his mind. > Throckmorton EXECUTED 1584
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Babington Plot 1586 |
Who: Babington, young English catholic spy > nobles, France, Spain Aim: Restore Catholicism, free Mary, overthrow and kill Elizabeth What happened: Letters outlined plan for Spain to invade, help from France, free Mary and remove “usurper” i.e Elizabeth Result: Plot discovered; conspirators arrested and executed. > Mary moved to Fotheringay Castle and trial held > Evidence of treason (kill Eliz) MARY EXECUTED 1587 |
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Why did the Catholics fail against Elizabeth? |
▪️Francis Walsingham’s work > tracked plotters > stopped plots > frightened many (torture) > captured Catholics and recusants > supported harsh, anti-catholic laws in parliament ▪️ Laws against Catholics > 1558 - Act of Uniformity (fines) >1559 - Act of Supremecy (oath) >1581 - Act of Persuasion ( higher fines - £20 a month) >1584 - Bond of Association - black mail law - any attempt on Eliz’s life, would be blamed on Mary (whether she knew it or not) >1587 - Recusancy Act (property taken away) ▪️Propaganda > Portraits, pamphlets, plays, speeches > Pilgrimages > Accession Day (national holiday) > Censorship (only 60 printing presses - easy to control) ▪️Help from abroad did not materialise > France and Spain not send effective help > 1588 Spanish Armada defeated
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Elizabethan Golden Age Leisure |
Better > all classes took part in hunting > entrance fees to theatre was cheap Worse > tobacco still expensive > stories published only available to gentleman |
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Elizabethan Golden Age Education |
Better > Boys from lower classes could go to grammar school or university if they had financial support > 1/3 students who graduated form Oxford + Cambridge were from gentry - the rest from lower class > Parish/ petty schools set up - local schools that taught children how to read and write Worse > Most people still too poor to send children to school > only 30% of men and 10% of women could read and write > no education was free |
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Elizabethan Golden Age Poverty |
Better > Still a significant number of good harvests > Wages began to rise in 1550s until 1570 Worse > Harvests - dependent on weather; series of bad harvests 1556 the worst. People lost their jobs; farmers turned to sheep farming instead > More people - not enough jobs > Inflation - Henry VIII’s debasement meant prices of food increased rapidly, because people worried that their money was worth less; people on lower wages couldn’t afford > Dissolution of Monasteries - Henry VIII closed monasteries in 1530s; they had provided food and shelter for poor > Cloth trade collapsed Collapsed in 1550s - tens of thousands of people lost their job; had accounted for 80% of England’s exports
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Attitudes towards the poor |
Many people worried about the growing number of poor people - particularly vagabonds > believed they set bad example - ‘devil makes work for idle hands’ >exaggerated writings - Thomas Hartman publishes pamphlets to make it seem like there were more poor than there were - SCAREMONGER > gov worried about rebellions - Mary Q of Scots might win support > beggars often turn to crime - no police to catch them |
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Vagabond Act 1572 |
1st offence Anyone found guilty of being a Vagabond was to be whipped and burned through the right war 2nd offence Sent to prison Persistent offenders - EXECUTED Local Justices of the Peace - ordered to keep a register of the poor in their parish > Had to raise a Poor Rate to pay for food and shelter for sick and elderly |
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Act for Relief of the Poor 1576 |
Towns required to find work for able-bodied poor Those refusing an offer of work were to be sent to a house of correction |
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Reasons for the growth of overseas exploration |
▪️Desire to attack Spanish territories > increased as relations worsened in 1580s; 1568 Drake and Hawkins attacked by Spanish in Mexico - wanted REVENGE ▪️English merchants needed new markets > collapse of the cloth trade (brought in £35,000 - £50,000 in custom duties) and bad harvests - MASS UNEMPLOYMENT > commodities such as tobacco very profitable ▪️Spreading Christianity > colonies in West Virginia eg Roanoke Island ▪️Thirst for knowledge > Elizabethans wanted to explore beyond the limits of their known world; advancements in science and technology |
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Threats from Abroad 1570 onwards |
1570 Pope excommunicates > every Catholic’s duty to attack Elizabeth 1572 Spanish Duke of Alva invade Netherlands to stop Protestant Dutch rebelling against Spanish rule > Elizabeth worried Spanish will stop GB’s wool trade with Europe 1568 Drake and Hawkins attacked by Spanish in Mexico 1577-80 Drake stole £30,000 treasure, then £114, 000 from Spanish > Elizabeth preparing for war - needed money. SPAIN FURIOUS 1584 Assassination of Protestant William of Orange in Netherlands who rebelled vs Spanish > Elizabeth angry - one of her only allies killed 1585 Elizabeth sent 7000 soldiers to Netherlands to fight Spanish >> Treaty of Nonsuch > Spain angry at interference 1587 Mary Q of Scots executed > Spain angry 1588 Spain furious > Drake destroyed 24 Spanish ships in Cadiz. > piracy - stolen treasure >execution of Mary >>>>SPANISH ARMADA<<<<<< |
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Elizabeth background |
Mother was beheaded 1536 4 step mothers Raised as a Protestant Spoke 6 languages Became queen in 1558 |
