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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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purpose of ETC
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allows cell to make ATP from energy in NADH and FADH2
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as electrons flow from one carrier down to the next energy gradient, how do they move protons?
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OUT of the matrix and into the intermembrane space
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where are electron transport carriers located?
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embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
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which shuttle uses FADH2 to bring electrons to Cytochrome Q?
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Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle
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which tisues mainly use the Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle?
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Skeletal Muscle and Brian
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Which tissues mainly use the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?
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Liver and Heart
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How are ADP and ATP transported across the inner membrane? which one goes out or matrix and which one come into matrix?
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Exchange....is unidirectional
ADP out....ATP in |
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How are P moved into the mitochondrial matrix?
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with the help of a proton because proton coming back in is really energetically favorable
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What is the first reaction in the Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle?
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Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate is converted to Glyceraldehyde by CYSTOLIC GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE
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what happens to electrons in Glycerol Phosphate Shutle once they enter the IM Space?
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They are transfered to FAD and then takend to the mitochondrial electron transport chain
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Where exactly does FAD (FADH2) take the electrons?
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Ubiquinone
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What happens in the Malate-Aspartate shuttle?
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OAA- Malate, which can get through the inner membrane into the matrix
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enzyme of the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
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Cystolic Malate Dehydrogenase
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what is OAA converted to to get INTO the matrix? To get OUT OF the matrix?
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Malate
Aspartate |
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how many electrons can NAD accept?
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2
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how many electrons can FAD accept?
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1 or 2
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How many electrons can Ubiquinone (Cytochrome Q) accept?
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1 or 2
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where is Ubiquinone located?
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inside the membrane
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what does Ubiquinone contain?
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Iron Sulfur Center
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What is always associated with an Iron Sulfur center
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Cysteine residue of a protein
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how do Iron Sulfur Centers work?
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Iron can be either Fe+3 or Fe+2...can carry electrons because of these two readily available oxidation states
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How many electrons can Iron Sulfur Centers transport?
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1
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what is the electron carrier of Cytochromes?
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Fe
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Is NADH oxidation by O2 a exergonic or endergonic reaction?
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exergonic (- G)
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Is the formation of ATP from ADP and P an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
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endergonic (+G)
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how many protons are pumped out when electrons from NADH go down ETC? FADH2?
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10, 6
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Where do the electrons from Succinate (FADH2) go?
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To Coenzyme Q
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how many protons are pumped at Complex I? Ubiquinone? Complex III? Complex IV?
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4, 2, 4
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what is the final step in ETC?
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O2 is reduced to H20
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how many protons does it take at Complex IV to convert O2 to H20?
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4
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most common place for deficiency in ETC chain
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Complex III
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What does Complex III deficiency lead to?
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myopathy- muscle weakness- due to inability to run the energy pathway- lactic Acidosis
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what characterizes Complex III deficiency? How detected in patients?
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Inability to regenerate Phosphocreatine, low levels in general in the cell.....ATP is necessary to regenerate Pcr and the ETC is not functioning optimally
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Three poisons that inhibit Complex IV of the ETC
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CO
Cyanide Nitric Oxide (NO) |
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At high levels, NO not only inhibits Complex IV, but it also ____
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destroys FeS centers of Complex I and Complex II
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