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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyperkalemia
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too much K+ (potassium)
more than 5.0 |
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Hypokalemia
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too little K+ (potassium)
less than 3.5 |
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Hypernatremia
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too much Na (sodium)
more than 145 |
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Hyponatrmia
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too little Na (sodium)
less than 135 |
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Hypercalcemia
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too much Ca (calcium)
more than 10.5 |
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Hypocalcemia
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too little Ca (calcium)
less than 8.5 |
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Hypovolemia
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too little blood volume
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Hypermagnesemia
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too much Mg (magnesium)
more than 2.4 |
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Hypomagnesemia
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too little Mg (magnesium)
less than 0.33 |
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Hyperphosphatemia
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too much phosphate
more than 4.5 |
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Hypophosphatemia
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too little phospate
less than 2.5 |
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Metabolic Acidosis
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caused by accumulation of acids, renal failue, diarrhea, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Cardiac Arrest Tx: NaHCO3, treat underlying cause,flush with fluid, monitor K+ and ABG levels
pH less than 7.35 and HCO3 less than 22 |
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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caused by loss of acids, Upper GI problems, suctions(NGT), Hypokalemia. Tx: restore normal fluid volume. pH more than 7.45 and HCO3 more than 26
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Respiratory Acidosis
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caused by retention of CO2 r/t pulmonary insuffiency, COPD, Acute pulmonary edema, atelectasis (collapse alveoli), sleep apnea, pneumonia, neuromuscular diseases Tx: Monitor ABG levels and K+, O2, give bronchodilators and corticosteroids, fluids, NPO > 30 RR, mechanical ventilation. pH less than 7.35 and pCO2 is more than 45
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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caused by Hyperventilation, extreme anxiety, high fever, pain, Salicylate (aspirin-ASA) poisioning, too much mechanical ventilation. pH more than 7.45 and pCO2 less than 35
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Osmosis
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fluid from low to high concentration
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Oncotic pressure
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osmotic pressure influenced by plasma protein
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Osomotic diuresis
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water following a tonic substance: sodium/glucose
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Diffusion
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high to low concentration (Na want to move into cell) and (K+ wants to move out of cell into vascular system)
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Active Transport
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require ATP energy, lesser to higher concentration. Keeps Na+ and K+ in the proper place
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Osmolality
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measure the amount of solute/kg in fluid (plasma or urine)
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Normal Serum Osmotality
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280-300 mOsm/kg
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Normal Urine Osmotality
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250-900Osm/kg
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Chvostek's Sign
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Elicitation: Tapping on the face at a point just anterior to the ear and just below the zygomatic bone.
Positive response: twitching of the ipsilateral facial muscles, suggestive of neuromuscular excitablility. |
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Trousseau's Sign
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Elicitation: Inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff above systolic blood pressure for several minutes
Positive responses: Muscular contraction including flexion of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints, hyperextension of the fingers, and flexion of the thumb on the palm, suggestive of neuromuscular excitability |
