Electrolytes And Acid Base Balance

Front 1

Hormones involved in maintaining fluid balance

Back 1

Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Albumin

Front 2

Albumin

Back 2

Plays a major role in the body, including fluid balance, building and maintenance of muscle tissue, production of clotting factors and immunoglobins

Front 3

Menier's Disease

Back 3

Caused by imbalance in fluids in the innr ear, due to allergies or infection. Presents with triad of vertigo, tinnitus, and sensorineural hearing loss. On exam you will find prolonged nystagmus, imbalnace in gait, and abnormal Romberg Test. IMPORTANT-r/o acoustic neuroma (tumor that affects 8th cranial nerve-vestibularcochlear).

Front 4

Sodium

Back 4

Na+ 135-145
Controlled by aldosterone, ANP and BNP (increase sodium and water excretion), most often goes hand in hand with chloride

Front 5

Aldosterone

Back 5

increases sodium and water retention

Front 6

Hyponatremia Causes

Back 6

<135
*diuretics: decrease water in the body increasing excretion
*vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
*Addisons disease
*hypopituitary (lack of ACH)
*CHF, Kidney problems

Front 7

Addisons Disease

Back 7

Lack of aldosterone creats the inability to retain Na

Front 8

Menier's Disease

Back 8

Tirad of vertigo, tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss,
**Abnormal Rhomberg**
Check for neuroma or schwannoma

Front 9

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

Back 9

peripheral edema, lethargy, muscle weakness, loss of consciousness, Seizure, Celluar swelling

Front 10

Hypernatremia Causes

Back 10

>145 Corticoids increase retention, Cushings, hyperaldosteronism, dehydration (hemoconcentration), DI

Front 11

Cushings disease

Back 11

Increased cortisol and aldosterone levels causing retention of Na

Front 12

Calcium

Back 12

8.5-10.2
Essential for muscle contraction

Front 13

Hypercalcema Causes

Back 13

Hyperparathyroidism
immobility, vone turnover, multiple myeloma, increased vitamin D (increased absorbtion of Ca
Antacids
Sarcoidosis

Front 14

Signs and Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

Back 14

Decreased neuromuscular excitability, increased risk for kidney stones, osteoporosis, Decreased ADH if blocked by high Ca in kidneys

Front 15

Hypocalcemia

Back 15

>10.2

Front 16

Rickets and Osteomalacia

Back 16

Weakening of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency and inability to absorb and utilize Ca

Front 17

Magnesium

Back 17

1.7-2.2 mg/dL
Big part of production of ATP and is a smooth muscle relaxer used in the tx of hypertension, eclampsia and asthma

Front 18

Calcitonin

Back 18

excreted from the thyroid goland in response to increased calcium

Front 19

Hyperkalemia causes

Back 19

Renal failure-inability to excrete K
spironolactone
Hypoaldosteronism-with loss of Na retention at the kidney, the body with retain K instead
Addisons Disease
Burns/cell lysis/rhabdo-rupture of cell membranes and release of K
Hemolytic anemias-lysis of defective RBC's and release of K
Acidosis-shilft of extracellular H+ into the cell to decrease to acidosis and increase the pH. In exchange, K is released into the blood

Front 20

Hyperkalemia
S/SX

Back 20

Weakness, Paralysis, Arrhythmias

Front 21

Hypokalemia Causes

Back 21

Diuretics-loss of K along with Na
Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea
Hyperaldosteronism-increased retention of Na will cause excretion of K in kidney
Insulin treatment-transport of K into cell
Alkalosis-H+ laves cell, K enters cell in exchange

Front 22

Hypokalemia
S/SX

Back 22

Muscle weakness ad cramps
Arrhythmias

Front 23

Hypermagnesium Causes

Back 23

Renal Failure
Dehydration

Front 24

Parathyroid hormone

Back 24

Secreted from the parathyroid glans in response to decreased blood calcium

Front 25

Hypermagnesemia causes

Back 25

1.7-2.2mg/dL
renal failure and dehydration

Front 26

Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia

Back 26

Muscle weakness, skeletal muscle depressino, hypotensino, bradycardia, respiratory depression

Front 27

Hypomagnesemia Causes

Back 27

<1.7 mg/dL
Intestinal disorder, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea

Front 28

Phosphorus

Back 28

2.4 - 4.1 mg/dL
production of ATP, guanosine triphosphate, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids, responsible for phosphate buffering system in urine

Front 29

Hyperphosphorus Causes

Back 29

>4.1mg/dL
Hypocalcemia (Ca has inverse relationship with phosphorus), hypoparathyroidism*low Ca*
Renal failure

Front 30

Signs and symptoms Hyperphosphorus

Back 30

Same as hypocalcemia
confusion
seizure

Front 31

Hypophosphorus Causes

Back 31

<2.4 mg/dL
Bone metastasis
Sarcoidosis
Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyoirdism

Front 32

Signs and symptoms Hypophosphorus

Back 32

Same as hypercalcemia

Front 33

PH

Back 33

7.35-7.45

Front 34

Hypermagnesium
S/SX

Back 34

Skeletal muscle depression
Muscle weakness
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Respiratory depression

Front 35

Hypomagnesium Causes

Back 35

Intestinal disorders
Alcoholism
Chronic diarrhea

Front 36

Hypomagnesium
S/SX

Back 36

Muscle irritability
Tetany and convulsions
tachycardia
hypertension

Front 37

Magnesium

Back 37

1.7-2.2 mg/dL
Plays important role in production of ATP and smooth muscle relaxer. Used in tx of hypertension, eclampsia, and asthma

Front 38

Potassium

Back 38

3.5-5 mEq/L
Most common intracellular anion. Potassium controls intracellular osmotic presure and in conjunction with Na plays integral part in conduction of electrical activity in the body

Front 39

CO2 and HCO3

Back 39

CO2 35 - 45
HCO3 22 - 26

Front 40

Hypoventilation

Back 40

Decreases pH by increased retention of CO2

Front 41

Hyperventilation

Back 41

increase pH by decreasing retention of CO2

Front 42

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 42

pH >7.45
Decreased CO2

Front 43

Respiratory Alkalosis Causes

Back 43

high altitudes, anxiety, fear, aspirin overdose

Front 44

Signs and symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis

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CNS excitablility or irritability, dizziness, confusion, seizures, convulsions, cramping, ALOC

Front 45

Compensation of Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 45

kidneys produce alkaline urine by decreasing the amoung of H+ ions and decreasing reabsorbtion of HCO3

Front 46

Metabolic ALkalosis

Back 46

pH >7.45
HCO3 >26

Front 47

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 47

Emesis, gastric suctioning, bulimia, antacid overdose

Front 48

Signs and Symptoms Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 48

irritability dizziness, confusion, seizures, convulsions, cramping, ALOC, hypokalemia

Front 49

Compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 49

buffers, act like acids to donate H+ ions, kidneys, produce alkaline by decreasing the secretion of H+ ions and decreasing reabsorbtion of HCO3 (hypoventilation)

Front 50

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 50

pH < 7.35
related to CO2 retention, emphysema, pulmonary edema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, narcotic or barbiturate overdose, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre, injury to brainstem.

Front 51

Manifestations of Resp Acidosis

Back 51

CNS depression, headache, blurred vision, lethargy, behavioral changes, confusion, weakness, stupor, and coma

Front 52

Resp Acidosis Compensation

Back 52

Include buffers which act likebases to soak up excess H+ ions, kidneys...which produce an acidic urine by secreting H+, reabsorbing HCO3

Front 53

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 53

pH <7.35, HCO3 <22-24
Caused due to severs diarrhea, reanl disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting or starvation, lactic acidosis, aspirin overdose

Front 54

Metabolic Acidosis S/SX

Back 54

CNS depression, headache, lethargy, arrhythmias, behavioral changes, confusion, weakness, stupor, coma

Front 55

Metabolic Acidosis Compensatory mechanisms

Back 55

Kussmaul breathing