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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the normal values for Sodium (Na+)
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136-145 mEq/L
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What are the normal values for Potassium (K+)
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3.5-5.2 mEq/L
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What are the normal values for Magnesium (Mg++)
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1.8-2.6 mEq/dL
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What are the normal values for Calcium (Ca++)
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8.8-10.4 mg/dL
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What are the normal values for Chloride (Cl-)
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96-106 mEq/L
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What are the normal values of bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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22-26 mEq/L
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What are the normal values of Hydrogen (H+) and what is it more commonly known as?
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pH 7.35-7.45
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What happens in a hypertonic solution?
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Water moves out of cells to equalize ECF resulting in cellular dehydration (crenation)
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What happens in a hypotonic solution?
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Water moves from the ECF into the ICF resulting in swelling of cell with potential bursting and death (hemolysis)
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Tell me about sodium
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It is the most abundant extracellular cation, maintains osmolarity, acid/base balance, and is essential for active and passive cellular transport and depolarization
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What is the panic value of hyponatremia?
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less than 125 mEq/L
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What causes hyponatremia?
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thiazide/loop diuretics, AIDS, vomiting diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency (Addison's Disease) inadequate sodium intake
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What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?
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hemolysis. Headache, muscle weakness, fatigue, postural hypotension, anorexia, N/V, abdominal cramps, confusion, delirium and shock.
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What is the panic value of hypernatremia?
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greater than 152 mEq/L
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What causes hypernatremia?
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watery diarrhea, diabetes insipidus, excessive diaphoresis, hyperadrenalism (Cushings)
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What are the clinical manifestations on hypernatremia?
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thirst, dry, sticky mucous membranes, low urine output, firm rubbery tissue turgor, tachycardia, and death
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Tell me about Potassium
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it is the most abundant intracellular cation and it is important for metabolism, excitation, depolarization, maintaining acid/base
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What is the panic level for hypokalemia?
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2.5 mEq/L (This causes ventricular fibrillation)
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What causes hypokalemia?
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large IV fluids with no K+ replacement, N/V, nasogastric suctioning, fistulas, thiazides, loop diuretics, eating disorders, trauma, burns, and hyperaldosteronism
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What are clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?
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anorexia, N/V, lethargy, diminished DTR, mental depression, flaccid paralysis, lieus, respiratory muscle weakness to respiratory arrest, postural hypotension, DYSRHYTHMIAS, and CARDIAC ARREST
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What is the panic value of hyperkalemia?
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greater than 8.0 mEq/L
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What are some causes of hyperkalemia?
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burns, sepsos, trauma, surgerys, METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, insulin deficiency/hyperglycemia, impaired renal function, potassium sparing diuretics...muscle weakness and paralysis when greater than 8.0
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What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?
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NV diarrhea, colic, numbness, paresthesias CARDIAC DYSTHRTHMIAS TO CARDIAC ARREST oliguria to anuria
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What else must be needed to absorb calcium?
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Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone must be reset for calcium to be absorbed from the GI tract
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What is the panic value for hypocalcemia?
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less than 4.4 mg/DL
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What causes hypocalcemia?
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hypoparathryoidism, excess loss through kidneys, renal disease, pancreatitis, multiple blood transfusions, METABOLIC OR RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia?
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tetany, numbness and tingling of the nost, ears, fingertips, and toes. painful muscle spasm, muscle twitching and convulsions, and cardiac dysthrythmias
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What is the panic value of hypercalcemia?
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greater than 13 mg/dL
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What causes hypercalcemia?
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excessive intake (antacids) or of vitamin D. excessive release of calcium from bone (hyperparathyroidism, steroid therapy, malignancy with bone metastasis)
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?
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muscle weakness and fatigue, decreased DTR, cardiac dysrhythmias, decreased gastrointestinal motility, renal calculi, and osteoporosis, bone pain, and Fx
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