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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyponatremia Serum Levels
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Na < 135 mEq/L
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Hyponatremia Causes
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Inadequate Na intake
Excessive H2O loss or H2O gain |
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Hyponatremia Signs
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Abd. cramps
N/V Anorexia Lethargy/confusion (cerebral edema) Coma Headache Muscle twitching |
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Hyponatremia interventions
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Restrict fluid intake
Hard candy, ice chips Frequent small sips of fluids Na replacement Foods high in Na |
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Hypernatremia Serum Levels
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Na > 145 mEq/L
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Hypernatremia Causes
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H2O loss
Inadequate H2O intake or Na gain Diabetes insipidus |
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Hypernatremia Signs
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Skin flushed
Agitation Low grade fever Thirst (SALT) |
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Hypernatremia Interventions
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Must correct slowly to prevent cerebral edema
Increase fluid intake Na restriction Mild restriction 2 - 3 g/day Severe restriction .5 g/day |
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Hypokalemia Serum Levels
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< 3.5 mEq/L
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Hypokalemia Causes
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Medications (diuretics and laxatives)
inadequate intake or excessive output of K Prolonged intestinal suction, vomiting, diarrhea, laxative abuse, severe diaphoresis Renal failure |
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Hypokalemia Signs
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Skeletal muscle weakness
U wave (ECG) Constipation Toxicity (digoxin) Irregular and weak pulse Orthostatic hypotension Numbness (SUCTION) |
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Hypokalemia Interventions
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High K diet
Oral K supplement IV K therapy K sparing diuretic |
