Electrolyte And Water Physiology

Front 1

Factors that affect rate of diffusion

Back 1

Concentration, surface area, solubility, membrane thickness, molecular weight

Front 2

Conditions that increase membrane thickness

Back 2

Lung fibrosis, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, membranous glomerulonephritis

Front 3

Conditions that affect surface area of the membrane

Back 3

Exercise (increases SA), emphysema (decreases SA)

Front 4

Osmoles Vs. mole Vs. mEq

Back 4

150 mM of NaCl = 300 mOsm. Moles yield osmoles. 10 mOsm Ca++ = 20 mEq

Front 5

Characteristics of protein-mediated transport

Back 5

More rapid than diffusion, transport can be saturated (Tm), is chemically specific, substances compete for transporter

Front 6

Types of protein transport

Back 6

Facilitated (down a concentration gradient), active (against gradient, requires ATP)

Front 7

Primary active transport

Back 7

ATP consumed directly by the transporter. E.g. Na/K countertransport

Front 8

Secondary active transport

Back 8

Depends indirectly on ATP. E.g. Na/glucose cotransporter in the renal tubule depends on Na/K countertransporter

Front 9

Constitutive endocytosis

Back 9

Vesicles are continuously fusing with the cell membrane

Front 10

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 10

The ligand binds receptor near clathrin-coated pits. More rapid and specific than constitutive endocytosis.

Front 11

Simple diffusion curve in a graph

Back 11

Linear. Slope increases if diffusion area or concentration increases. Slope decreases if membrane thickness increases

Front 12

Facilitated diffusion curve in a graph

Back 12

Reaches a plateau which represents Tm. Adding more transporters raises Tm, shifts curve up and right.

Front 13

Amount of total body water

Back 13

60% of weight in kg. 70kg = 42 L

Front 14

Amount of intracellular fluid

Back 14

2/3 of total body water or 40%. 42 L --> 28 L ICF

Front 15

Amount of extracellular fluid

Back 15

1/3 of total body water or 20%. 42 L --> 14 L ECF

Front 16

Amount of interstitial fluid

Back 16

2/3 of ECF. 14 L --> 10 L ISF

Front 17

Amount of plasma volume

Back 17

1/3 of ECF. 14 L --> 4 L plasma

Front 18

Effective osmolarity

Back 18

Represented by non-penetrating solutes such as Na. If effective osmolarity increases, cells shrink and vice versa.

Front 19

Capillary membranes

Back 19

Are freely permeable to substances dissolved in plasma except proteins. Separate ISF and plasma.

Front 20

Isotonic fluid loss diagram

Back 20

Decreased ECF, no change in ICF. Causes: hemorrhage, isotonic urine, diarrhea, vomiting

Front 21

Loss of hypotonic fluid diagram (hypovolemia)

Back 21

Decreases ECF and ICF, increases osmolarity. Causes: dehydration, sweating, diabetes insipidus.

Front 22

Gain of hypertonic fluid diagram

Back 22

Increases osmolarity and ECF, decreases ICF. Causes: salt tablets, mannitol, hypertonic saline, aldosterone

Front 23

Gain of hypotonic fluid diagram

Back 23

Decreases osmolarity, increases ECF and ICF. Causes: SIADH, drinking tap water, primary polydipsia.

Front 24

Gain of isotonic fluid diagram

Back 24

Osmolarity stays the same, ECF increases. Causes: isotonic saline infusion.

Front 25

Loss of hypertonic fluid diagram

Back 25

Osmolarity decresaes, ECF decreases, ICF increases. Causes: mineralocorticoid deficiency

Front 26

↓ECF, no change in osmolarity or ICF, isotonic urine

Back 26

Loss of isotonic fluid. Causes: hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting

Front 27

↓ECF, ↓osmolarity, ↑ICF

Back 27

Loss of hypertonic fluid or hyponatremic hypovolemia. Aldosterone deficiency.

Front 28

↓ECF, ↑osmolarity, ↓ICF, little concentrated urine

Back 28

Loss of hypotonic fluid or hypernatremic hypovolemia. Cause: Dehydration

Front 29

↓ECF, ↑osmolarity, ↓ICF, lots of diluted urine

Back 29

Loss of hypotonic fluid or hypernatremic hypovolemia. Cause: diabetes insipidus

Front 30

↑ECF, no change in ICF or osmolarity

Back 30

Gain of isotonic fluid. Cause: isotonic saline infusion

Front 31

↑ECF, ↓osmolarity, ↑ICF

Back 31

Gain of hypotonic fluid or hyponatremic hypervolemia. Causes: hypotonic saline, SIADH, tap water.

Front 32

↑ECF, ↑osmolarity, ↓ICF

Back 32

Gain of hypertonic fluid. Causes: salt tablets, mannitol, aldosterone excess

Front 33

Volume of distribution formula

Back 33

Vd = Amount given or dose / Concentration

Front 34

Tracer to measure plasma volume

Back 34

Not permeable to capillaries - albumin

Front 35

Tracer to measure ECF

Back 35

Permeable to capillaries but not membranes - inulin, mannitol, sodium, sucrose

Front 36

Tracer to measure total body water

Back 36

Permeable to capillaries and membranes - tritiated water, urea

Front 37

Blood volume Vs. plasma volume

Back 37

Blood volume is plasma plus RBC --> plasma volume / 1-Hct

Front 38

Effect of urea solution on cell volume

Back 38

If urea is the only solute, effective osmolarity is 0 --> cell swells.

Front 39

Equilibrium potential

Back 39

Electrical force required to balance the chemical force of an unequeal concentration of ions

Front 40

Conductance

Back 40

Permeability to an ion

Front 41

Electrochemical gradient

Back 41

Exists when the electrical and/or chemical forces are not balanced. Its what determines difussion of the ion.

Front 42

Types of channels

Back 42

Ungated, voltage-gated, ligand-gated

Front 43

↑[K]o

Back 43

Depolarization

Front 44

↓[K]o

Back 44

Hyperpolarization

Front 45

↑gK

Back 45

Hyperpolarization

Front 46

↓gK

Back 46

Depolarization

Front 47

↑[Na]o

Back 47

Depolarization

Front 48

↓[Na]o

Back 48

Hyperpolarization

Front 49

↑gNa

Back 49

Depolarization

Front 50

↑[Cl]o

Back 50

Hyperpolarization

Front 51

↓[Cl]o

Back 51

Depolarization

Front 52

↑gCl

Back 52

Depolarization