Electrolyes, Acid-Base Balance, Definitions

Front 1

What is the normal concentration of Na+ in the body?

Back 1

136-145 mEq/L

Front 2

What is the major ECF cation?

Back 2

Na+

Front 3

A shift in _?_ triggers a fluid volume change to restore normal solute and water ratios?

Back 3

Na+

Front 4

Which electrolyte helps maintain acid-base balance?

Back 4

Na+

Front 5

Which electrolyte influences water distribution with Cl-?

Back 5

Na+

Front 6

Which electrolyte is regulated by the kidney through tubular reabsorption?

Back 6

Na+

Front 7

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of which electrolyte by the kidney?

Back 7

Na+

Front 8

Natriuretic peptides increase the excretion of what 2 things?

Back 8

Na+ and water

Front 9

What is the normal concentration of Cl- in the body?

Back 9

98-106 mEq/L

Front 10

Which electrolyte is the main ECF anion?

Back 10

Cl-

Front 11

Which electrolyte is transported passively (follows Na+)?

Back 11

Cl-

Front 12

What is the normal level of K+ in the body?

Back 12

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

Front 13

Which electrolyte is the main ICF cation?

Back 13

K+

Front 14

Which electrolyte affects the cell's electrical status?

Back 14

K+

Front 15

Which electrolyte is responsible for ICF osmolality?

Back 15

K+

Front 16

This electrolyte and insulin are required to move glucose into the ICF and for metabolism of carbs and proteins...

Back 16

K+

Front 17

What is the normal concentration of Ca++ in the body?

Back 17

9 to 10.5 mg/dl

Front 18

What is the normal concentration of ionized (free) serum Ca++ in the body?

Back 18

4.5 to 5.6 mg/dl

Front 19

Which electrolyte is found in equal amounts in ECF and ICF?

Back 19

Ca++

Front 20

Which electrolyte is the major cation for bones and teeth (important for their development and maintenance)?

Back 20

Ca++

Front 21

Which electrolyte aids in coagulation?

Back 21

Ca++

Front 22

Which electrolyte is found in cell membranes and maintains their shape?

Back 22

Ca++

Front 23

What is the normal concentration of phosphate (serum phosphorous) in the body?

Back 23

3-4.5 mg/dl

Front 24

This electrolyte is generally opposite of Calcium?

High ____ means low Ca++

Back 24

phosphorous

Front 25

What is the normal level of Mg++ in the body?

Back 25

1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L

Front 26

Where is 40-60% of the body's magnesium stored?

Back 26

the bone

Front 27

Where is the rest of the body's magnesium stored?

Back 27

soft tissues and muscle cells

Front 28

This electrolyte is one of the major ICF cations:

Back 28

Mg++

Front 29

Which electrolyte aids in protein synthesis and is necessary for the formation and function of healthy bones?

Back 29

Mg++

Front 30

Levels of Mg++ are regulated by ________?

Back 30

the kidneys

Front 31

What pH and CO2 levels would characterize respiratory acidosis?

Back 31

pH < 7.35

CO2 > 45

Front 32

What pH and CO2 levels would characterize respiratory alkalosis?

Back 32

pH > 7.45

CO2 < 35

Front 33

What pH and HCO3 levels would characterize metabolic acidosis?

Back 33

pH < 7.35

HCO3 < 22

Front 34

What pH and HCO3 levels would characterize metabolic alkalosis?

Back 34

pH > 7.45

HCO3 > 26

Front 35

Which acid-base disorder may be caused by:

CNS depression from drugs, injury, or disease
Asphyxia (insufficient O2)
Hypoventilation related to a disease

Back 35

respiratory acidosis

Front 36

Which acid-base disorder may be caused by:

hyperventilation from anxiety, pain or improper ventilator settings
respiratory stimulation due to drugs, disease, hypoxia, or fever

Back 36

respiratory alkalosis

Front 37

Which acid-base disorder may be caused by gram negative bacteremia?

Back 37

respiratory alkalosis

Front 38

Which acid-base disorder may be caused by:

bicarbonate depletion from diarrhea
Excess production of organic acids from hepatic disease, endocrine disorders, shock or drug intoxication
Inadequate excretion of acids from renal disease

Back 38

metabolic acidosis

Front 39

Which acid-base disorder may be caused by:

Loss of HCl from prolonged vomiting or gastric suctioning
Loss of potassium from increased renal secretion (as in diuretic therapy) or steroids
Excessive alkali ingestion

Back 39

metabolic alkalosis

Front 40

hydrostatic pressure

Back 40

the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes; also, the blood pressure generated in vessels when the heart contracts

Front 41

osmosis

Back 41

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration

Front 42

osmolality

Back 42

the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water (concentration of molecules per weight of water)

Front 43

osmolarity

Back 43

the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution (the concentration of molecules per volume of solution)

Front 44

osmotic pressure

Back 44

the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water

Front 45

oncotic pressure

Back 45

the overall osmotic effect of colloids (such as plasma proteins)

Front 46

tonicity

Back 46

the effective osmolality of a solution

Front 47

isotonic solution

Back 47

has the same osmolality or concentration of particles as ICF or ECF

Front 48

hypotonic solution

Back 48

has a lower concentration of particles than ICF or ECF

Front 49

hypertonic solution

Back 49

has a higher concentration of particles than ICF or ECF

Front 50

Which electrolytes are involved in muscle contraction?

Back 50

Na+
K+
Ca++

Front 51

Which electrolytes are involved in nerve impulse transmission?

Back 51

Na+
K+
Ca++
Mg++

Front 52

Name 3 symptoms of having "hypo" sodium.

<136 mEq/L

Back 52

sleepiness
weakness
lethargy
N/V or anorexia
behavioral and personality changes
decreased tendon reflexes
headache
seizures
coma

Front 53

Name 3 symptoms of having "hyper" sodium.

>145 mEq/L

Back 53

increased thirst
irritability
restlessness
confusion
agitation
seizures
coma

Front 54

How would you treat "hypo" sodium? (1 way)

Back 54

fluid restriction

Front 55

How would you treat "hyper" sodium?

Back 55

push fluids out of patient
D5W
inspect for edema

Front 56

Name 3 symptoms of "hypo" chloride.

Back 56

hypoventilation
tetany (muscular twitching and cramps)
paresthesia of the extremities
restless, confusion, convulsions

Front 57

Name 3 symptoms of "hyper" chloride.

Back 57

hyperventilation to blow off excess CO2
hypotension
decreased cardiac output
peripheral vasodilation
headache
lethargy

Front 58

How would you treat "hypo" chloride?

Back 58

Increase NaCl in the diet.
Correct GI symptoms.
Seizure precautions.

Front 59

How would you treat "hyper" chloride?

Back 59

Correct fluid imbalance by giving IV fluids.
Give sodium bicarbonate and correct pH.
Monitor patient's level of consciousness and respiratory status.

Front 60

Name 3 symptoms of "hypo" potassium.

<3.5 mEq/L

Back 60

muscle weakness and cramps
fatigue
decreased tendon reflexes
postural hypotension
constipation
EKG changes and arrhythmias
confusion

Front 61

Name 3 symptoms of "hyper" potassium.

>5 mEq/L

Back 61

EKG changes and arrhythmias
Nausea
Diarrhea
Hyperactive bowel sounds
Fatigue
Drowsiness
Irritability, mental confusion

Front 62

"Hypo" and "hyper" levels of which electrolytes would cause EKG changes and arrythmias?

Back 62

K+
Ca++
Mg++

Front 63

How would you treat "hypo" potassium? (1 way)

Back 63

Replace K+ orally or by IV.

Front 64

How would you treat "hyper" potassium?

Back 64

Kayxelate (liquid taken to reduce K+)
Insulin, bicarb, and dextrose fluids
Dialysis

Front 65

What is the goal when treating "hyper" potassium?

Back 65

Increase excretion and move the potassium into the cells

Front 66

Name 3 symptoms of "hypo" calcium.

Back 66

confusion
convulsions
insomnia
paresthesias around mouth/hands
carpopedal spasm
tetany (muscle spasms)
hyperreflexia
brittle nails, osteoporosis
periodontal disease
diarrhea
Chvosteks sign
Trousseau sign
cardiac arrhythmias

Front 67

Name 3 symptoms of "hyper" calcium.

Back 67

N/V
constipation
confusion
weakness
lethargy
polydipsia (excessive thirst)
polyuria
dehydration
decreased deep tendon reflexes
bone pain
cardiac arrhythmias or arrest

Front 68

How would you treat "hypo" calcium?

Back 68

Stop giving meds known to lower Ca++.
Administer Ca++.
Treat low Mg++ level.
Treat causes.
Monitor heart monitor.
Vitamin D

Front 69

How would you treat "hyper" calcium?

Back 69

Discontinue Ca++ meds.
Treat causes.
Calcitonin
Meds for bone pain, N/V
Laxatives
Heart monitor

Front 70

Name 3 symptoms of "hypo" phosphorous.

Back 70

Reduced O2 transport by RBCs (can cause hypoxia and bradycardia)
Dysfunctions in WBCs and platelets
Affects nerve/muscle function
Rickets
Osteomalacia

Front 71

Name 3 symptoms of "hyper" phosphorous.
**Generally the same as hypocalcemia**

Back 71

confusion
convulsions
insomnia
paresthesias around mouth/hands
hyperreflexia
brittle nails, osteoporosis
diarrhea
cardiac arrhythmias
Chvosteks and Trousseau signs

Front 72

How would you treat "hypo" phosphorous?

Back 72

Treat underlying cause
Can give phosphate salts (but low level is usually not life threatening)

Front 73

A low level of which electrolyte is generally not life threatening?

Back 73

phosphorous

Front 74

How would you treat "hyper" phosphorous?

Back 74

Correct underlying cause.
Dialysis.
Give Aluminum hydroxide--it binds to phosphate in GI tract and eliminates it.

Front 75

Name 3 symptoms of "hypo" magnesium.

Back 75

neuromuscular irritability
tremors
cramping
disorientation
depression
hyperreflexia
swallowling difficulties
Chvostek's and Trousseau signs

Front 76

Name 3 symptoms of "hyper" magnesium.

Back 76

Increased perspiration
Muscle weakness
Decreased deep tendon reflexes
Nausea, vomiting
hypotension
cardiac arrythmias
respiratory compromise

Front 77

How would you treat "Hypo" magnesium?

Back 77

Give PO or IV Mg++

Front 78

How would you treat "hyper" magnesium?

Back 78

Monitor cardiac/respiratory status.
Give IV fluids, diuretics, calcium.

Front 79

cellular adaptation that decreases the cell substance and results in cell shrinkage

caused by disuse, denervation, decreased endocrine stimulation, decreased nutrition, and ischemia

Back 79

atrophy

Front 80

cellular adaptation that increases cell size

commonly seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

triggered by stretch, growth factors, hormones, and vasoactive agents

Back 80

hypertrophy

Front 81

an increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ

occurs in tissues where cells are capable of mitotic division

Back 81

hyperplasia

Front 82

enables certain organs, such as the liver, to regenerate after loss of substance

Back 82

compensatory hyperplasia

Front 83

breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy are examples of:

Back 83

physiologic hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Front 84

occurs when the endometrium enlarges because of excessive estrogen production

Back 84

pathologic hyperplasia

Front 85

deranged cell growth that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and appearance as compared to mature cells

occurs in association with chronic irritation or inflammation in the cervix, oral cavity, gallbladder, and respiratory passages

is potentially reversible once the irritating cause has been removed

Back 85

dysplasia

Front 86

a reversible conversion from one adult cell type to another

(ex. cells in the lungs of smokers)

Back 86

metaplasia

Front 87

True or false:

Dialysis is used to treat "hyper" levels of K+.

Back 87

True

Front 88

True or false:

Dialysis is used to treat "hyper" levels of phosphorous.

Back 88

true

Front 89

type of necrosis that occurs mainly in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands

Back 89

coagulative

Front 90

type of necrosis that is usually a result of hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or chemical injury

(protein denaturation causes coagulation)

Back 90

coagulative

Front 91

type of necrosis that commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain

affected tissue becomes soft
(brain cells are digested by their own hydrolases)

can be caused by bacterial infection

Back 91

liquefactive

Front 92

a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses; usually results from tuberculous pulmonary infection

Back 92

caseous necrosis

Front 93

necrotic debris is not digested completely by hydrolases

tissue appears soft and granular and resembles clumped cheese

Back 93

caseous necrosis

Front 94

type of necrosis that occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures

Back 94

fat

Front 95

type of necrosis in which lipases break down triglycerides, causing free fatty acids to combine with calcium and form soaps

necrotic tissue appears opaque and chalk white

Back 95

fat

Front 96

death of tissue; results from hypoxia due to blockage of major arteries (esp. in lower leg)

Back 96

gangrenous necrosis

Front 97

usually the result of coagulative necrosis--skin dries, shrinks, wrinkles, and turns brown/black

Back 97

dry gangrene

Front 98

develops when neutrophils invade the area, causing liquefactive necrosis

occurs in the internal organs--site becomes cold, swollen, black, and foul-smelling

Back 98

wet gangrene

Front 99

special type of gangrene caused by infection of injured tissue by Clostridium bacteria that cause bubbles of toxic gas to form in muscle cells

death occurs b/c of shock

Back 99

gas gangrene