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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principal Agent Problem |
The voter (principal) elects an official (agent) to act on their behalf |
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Adverse Selection |
We don't know if the agent is the right person for the job |
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Moral Hazard |
We don't know if the agents are always acting properly |
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Rules/signals to determine if agents are acting right |
Scandals and economic performance |
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Founding voter requirements |
White men, 20+, owned property |
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Current voter requirements |
Universally anyone can vote, 18+ |
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How to measure turnout |
# people who voted / voting age population |
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People who can't vote |
Children, prisoners, non-citizens, sometimes ex-felons |
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US voter turnout |
Very low globally More rich = more likely to vote More educated = more likely to vote Employed = more likely to vote White = more likely to vote |
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Secret Ballot |
Voter choices secret Prevents intimidation |
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Australian Ballot |
Names for all candidates listed and voters select from a list |
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Split ticket voting |
Voting for candidates from different parties or different offices |
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Single member districts |
Geographic area with one representative |
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Baker v. Carr |
Case requiring equal population districts for House and Senate One person, one vote |
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Majoritarian Tendency |
Inflate power of majority, deflate power of minority
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Plurality Rule |
Candidate with the most votes wins Leads to two party systems |
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Majority Rule |
Candidate wins by 50% or more |
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Proportional representation |
Parties win seats in proportion to votes won Leads to multi party system |
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Duverger's Law |
Plurality rule systems have two parties Extremist party helps politicians on a more centrist party Voters choose a second choice party |
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Ballot referendums |
Proposals for legislatures decided by voters Voters decide policy outcome |
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Voter initiatives |
Citizens petition to place a proposal on ballot |
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Recall elections |
A mechanism to remove state officials mid term |
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Party identification |
Individual attachment to a particular party |
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Sources of party identification |
Psychological attachment Ideological affinity Experiences |
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Issue voting |
Individual choosing candidates based on agreement with issue positions` |
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Prospective voting |
Voting based on future performance of candidate |
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Retrospective voting |
Voting based on past performance of a candidate |
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Spatial issues |
Policy options can be liberal or conservative - Taxes - Abortion |
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Median Voter Theorem |
Candidate will offer policy positions near the median voter's ideal point in order to win the vote and election because candidates already have voters who are on their side |
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Valence issues |
Issues where people prefer better outcome regardless of policy choices |
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Economic voting |
Rewarding the party in power for good economic voting Punishing party in power for bad economic conditions |
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Campaign finance |
Candidates raise money from donors and political action committees (PACs) Parties spend money on behalf of candidates PACS give money with limits Super PACs spend unlimited money but cant donate directly or coordinate with candidates |
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Federal Election Commission (FEC) |
Regulates campaign finance with congress |
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Citizens United v. FEC |
Corporations can spend unlimited money on elections in support of specific candidates but should report to FEC |
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Invisible Primary/Money Primary |
Raise money and build campaign by visiting key states and debating |
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Primaries |
Elections betweens members of same party |
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Caucuses |
Meetings elect delegates to select nominees |
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General election |
Ultimate nominee for each party decided Presidential candidates nominate VP Candidates debate opponents |
