Elbow

Front 1

Humeroulnar Joint Carrying Angle

Back 1

Males: 10.7
Females: 14.8

Front 2

Extension Barrier (humeroulnar joint)

Back 2

1. Brachialis
2. Brachioradialis
3. Anterior Capsule
4. Anterior fibers of MCL
5. Olecranon in fossa

Front 3

Flexion Barrier (humeroulnar)

Back 3

1. Triceps
2. Posterior capsule
3. Posterior fibers of MCL/LCL
4. Soft tissue approximation
5. Coronoid process into fossa (thin people)

Front 4

Humeroulnar Loose/Close pack

Back 4

Loose: 70 deg flexion, 10 deg of supination
Close: Extension with forearm in supination

Front 5

Radioulnar loose/close pack

Back 5

Loose: elbow fully extended and forearm supinated
Close: elbow flexed to 90, supinated to 5

Front 6

Proximal Radioulnar loose/close

Back 6

Loose: supination of 35, elbow flexed to 70
Close: supination of 5

Front 7

Active and Passive Motion Testing Flexion

Back 7

Tissue approximation end feel except in very thin person where coronoid process contacts coronoid fossa

Front 8

Active and Passive Motion Testing Extension

Back 8

Limitation in elbow extension only indicates intra-articular pathology, unless there is an elastic end-feel which would suggest short elbow flexors. Elbow hyperextension is normal if equal bilaterally

Front 9

Lateral Epicondylosis (tennis elbow, lateral epicondylitis)

Back 9

Lateral elbow pain due to inflammation or degeneration of the common extensor tendon. Clinicians describe ECRB as most common

Front 10

Etiology of Lateral Epicondylitis

Back 10

Microtrauma due to repetitive activites such as backhand in tennis, repeated use of screwdrivers and hammers; also using faulty technique

Front 11

Lateral Epicondylitis Signs & Symptoms

Back 11

1. pain over lateral aspect of elbow. may refer to extensor aspect of forearm
2. increased pain with wrist extension and gripping; pain eases with rest
3. full painless PROM at the elbow
4. tenderness medial and distal to the lateral epicondyle. The ECRB brevis is most commonly involved
5. Resisted isometric wrist extension is painful
6. Positive lateral epicondylitis test

Front 12

Medial Epicondylosis (Medial epicondylitis, Golfer's elbow)

Back 12

Strain of the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle. Less common than tennis elbow

Front 13

Medial Epiconylitis Signs and Symptoms

Back 13

1. Medial Elbow Pain
2. Full range of painless movement at the elbow and forearm
3. Localized tenderness at the tip of the medial epicondyle extends distally 1-3 cm along PT and FCR.
4. Resisted isometric movements painless except wrist flexion and possibly pronation. The test more sensitive with elbow extended

Front 14

Collateral ligament sprain signs & symptoms

Back 14

1. swelling
2. PROM may be painful and limited due to guarding, particularly flexion
3. positive varus/valgus stress tests
4. isometric resisted movements negative
5. tender to palpate

Front 15

Olecranon Bursitis Etiology

Back 15

A sharp blow to the point of the olecranon can contuse the bursa causing it to bleed in the bursal space and become inflamed

Front 16

Olecranon bursitis signs & symptoms

Back 16

1. Pain at the elbow which may be provoked by leaning the elbow on the table
2. tenderness over the bursa
3. palpable thickening of bursal wall may be present
4. no pain with isometric resisted movements

Front 17

Nursemaid's Elbow (Pulled Elbow) description and eitology

Back 17

- Subluxation of the radial head away from the capitulum
- sudden jerk on the extended arm of a child while lifting up (1-3 years old)

Front 18

Nursemaid's Elbow Signs

Back 18

1. Holds arm motionless
2. Gentle palatpion of the radiohumeral joint will elicit crying
3. Palpable increase in radiohumeral joint space

Front 19

Pronator Syndrome Description

Back 19

Median nerve entrapment at the PT (may be insidious or excessive pronation)

Front 20

Pronator Syndrome Symptoms

Back 20

1. Aching pain in the proximal volar forearm
2. Aggravated by use of the arm, particularly repetitive activites
3. may be described as easily fatigued or heavy
4. numbness and paresthesias may occur in median nerve distribution, but tend to be more generalized and less specific than those in CTS

Front 21

Pronator Syndrome Signs

Back 21

1. Tenderness over the proximal portion of the muscle
2. Positive pronator compression test: positive if compressing median nerve near muscle produces paresthesias in 30 sec
3. EMG useful to confirm the prescence of a proximal median neuropathy

Front 22

Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture

Back 22

Prolonged impairment of blood flow to the muscles of the forearm. If ischemic too long, the muscle necrose, undergo autolysis, and are eventually replaced by fibrous tissue

Front 23

Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture Etiology

Back 23

Brachial artery disrupted by laceration or by contusion during a supracondylar fracture of humerus

Front 24

Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture Sign & Symptoms

Back 24

1. Severe intractable pain in the forearm or fingers
2. Fingers are swollen and cyanotic or pale
3. Paresthesias and numbness
4. Worsened by actively or passively extending the fingers