Elang B--1

Front 1

What are Semantics?

Back 1

The study of meaning.

Front 2

List the 7 approaches to Semantics.

Back 2

1. Definition (aka Denotation)
2. Association (aka Connotation)
3. Meaning as Mental Image (aka Prototype)
4. Meaning as Reference
5. Meaning as a Lexical Relationship
6. Meaning as constructed through Schemata or Scripts
7. Metaphors

Front 3

Define "entailment."

Back 3

Under the Definition approach, one thing entails another if by saying something is A, then B must also be the case (ex. If something is a horse, it entails that it is also animate.)

Front 4

If Tom killed Bob, it entails that:

Back 4

Bob is dead.

Front 5

What is represented on a binary grid?

Back 5

Feature Analysis (aka Componential Analysis.)

Front 6

Which Semantic approach uses Feature Analysis?

Back 6

Definition

Front 7

What is the purpose of Feature Analysis?

Back 7

To demonstrate entailments of (related) words.

Front 8

What accounts for redundancy, so that you don't say things like "male uncle"?

Back 8

Entailment/Feature Analysis.

Front 9

What determines an opposite?

Back 9

A word that is mostly the same but diverges in one crucial feature. (Ex. Father = Male+, Senior+, Direct+ ; Mother = Male -, Senior+, Direct+)

Front 10

What categories does Feature Analysis work well for?

Back 10

Family relationships, tools, utensils, etc.

Front 11

What does the Definition approach NOT work well for?

Back 11

Function words (Legal problems with wills that read "BETWEEN heirs" (instead of among) & "I leave him all my black AND white horses.")

Front 12

Definition of words becomes vital in what field?

Back 12

Laws.

Front 13

What Semantic approach does the relationship with mothers and love, kindness, etc. fall under?

Back 13

Association.

Front 14

"Criminal" is defined simply as "someone who breaks the law;" but what is the Association we have with it?

Back 14

"Someone who commits SERIOUS crimes."

Front 15

What is an example of the "Power of Association?"

Back 15

Viewers different responses after watching a film with a car crash with the description "hit" vs.
"smashed" (more broken glass reported.)

Front 16

If a word fits the Definition meaning, but violates the Associational meaning, what words do we tend to use?

Back 16

"Technically" (ex. [famous actress] is technically a spinster)

Front 17

If a word fits the Associational meaning, but violates the Definition meaning, what words do we tend to use?

Back 17

"Loosely speaking" (ex. loosely speaking, a whale is a fish.)

Front 18

Define Meaning as Mental Image (aka Prototype)

Back 18

The first image that people conjure up when they hear a certain word.

Front 19

Define Meaning as Reference

Back 19

Showing the object as a definition for itself (ex. "this is a pen" while pointing to a pen.)

Front 20

What does the Meaning as Reference approach not work for?

Back 20

Things that aren't concrete.

Front 21

Define Meaning as Lexical Relationship.

Back 21

Characterizing a word in terms of its relationship to other words, rather than its own components or features.

Front 22

"Hot" is the opposite of "cold" and "giraffe" is a type of animal are examples of:

Back 22

Meaning as a Lexical Relationship.

Front 23

What are the 6 subtypes of Lexical Relationship?

Back 23

1. Synonymy
2. Antonymy
3.Homophony
4. Homonymy
5. Polysemy
6. Hyponymy

Front 24

What are the two types of Antonyms?

Back 24

1. Gradable
2. Non-Gradable

Front 25

Define Gradable Antonyms:

Back 25

Indicate a scale w/ plar and intermediate points; mostly adjectives.

Front 26

big/small, & young/old are examples of what kind of Antonym?

Back 26

Gradable.

Front 27

What are 3 features of Gradable Antonyms?

Back 27

-Allow comparatives (-est, -er)
-Relative terms
-Marked & Unmarked terms

Front 28

The fact that a small elephant is not smaller than a big needle is an example of:

Back 28

Relative Terms (Gradable Antonyms)

Front 29

The fact that just because you say someone is old doesn't mean that they're young is an example of:

Back 29

Relative Terms (Gradable Antonyms)

Front 30

Define "Marked Terms"

Back 30

Call attention to themselves; an unusual way of saying something.

Front 31

Define "Unmarked Terms":

Back 31

Terms that don't call attention to themselves; the normal way of saying it.

Front 32

Is "How tall are you?" Marked or Unmarked?

Back 32

Unmarked.

Front 33

Is "How short are you?" Marked or Unmarked?

Back 33

Marked.

Front 34

Using diminutive terms or reduplication with adults is an example of

Back 34

Marked tone. (And it's insulting.)

Front 35

What are the 2 subtypes of Non-Gradable Antonyms?

Back 35

1. Complimentary
2. Relational

Front 36

Define Complimentary Non-Gradable Antonyms:

Back 36

An either/or relationship; don't allow comparatives.

Front 37

Alive/dead, male/female, present/absent are examples of what kind of Antonym?

Back 37

Complimentary Non-Gradable.

Front 38

Define Relational Non-Gradable Antonyms:

Back 38

The same phenomenon from an opposite POV.

Front 39

give/take, buy/sell, teach/learn, are examples of what kind of Antonym?

Back 39

Relational Non-Gradable.

Front 40

Define Homophony.

Back 40

2 or more written forms that have the same pronunciation, but not necessarily the same spelling.

Front 41

Bear/bare, pail/pale, meet/meat are examples of:

Back 41

Homophony.

Front 42

Define Homonymy.

Back 42

Words with the same form written and spoken but with different/unrelated meanings.

Front 43

bear (animal)/bear (carry), pupil (student)/pupil (in eye), & bank (place for $)/bank (shore of a river) are examples of:

Back 43

Homonymy.

Front 44

Define Polysemy.

Back 44

The same form written and spoken, but different meanings that ARE related.

Front 45

people run, water runs, color runs, are examples of:

Back 45

Polysemy.

Front 46

Define Hyponymy:

Back 46

When a particular word is a subtype of another word.

Front 47

The relationship of "robin" and "bird" is an example of:

Back 47

Hyponymy.

Front 48

Relates to world knowledge.

Back 48

Meaning as constructed through schemata or scripts.

Front 49

Scripts help us to discern the correct meaning between ___________ & _____________ based on context.

Back 49

homophones & homonyms. (ex. scripts for bank (financial): money, tellers, loans, interest, guards, robbery,etc.; scripts for bank (river): water, grass, mud, fishing, camping, picnic, etc.)

Front 50

What did scholars determine humor comes from?

Back 50

When people recognize 2 possible scripts and both are compatible/work for the same thing.

Front 51

Use concrete items to understand abstract notions.

Back 51

Metaphors.

Front 52

Semantic Collocation

Back 52

When certain terms always seem to go together (Ladies & Gentleman. seer & revelator, mangy w/ dog, etc.)