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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what could be a direct cause of edema?
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increased hydrostatic pressure within a capillary
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What bond does lipase break?
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ester bond by addition of water
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what correlates with diabetic ketoacidosis?
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concomitant increase in fatty acid oxidation
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what can use ketone bodies as an energy source?
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heart, brain, and muscle
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where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
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Inner mitochondrial membrane
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peptide bond
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between carboxylic acid and amino group
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what is the function of the Na/K ATPase
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transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions in
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what are the reactants and products of glycolysis?
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reactants: 1 glucose and 2 NAD+
products: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP |
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what are enzymes affected by?
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pH, temperature, and substrate concentration
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what is the only amino acid whose side chain can form a covalent bond with another cysteine?
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cysteine
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what are the two acidic amino acids?
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aspartic acid and glutamic acid
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what are the the three basic amino acids?
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arginine, lysine, and histidine
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what will every protein have its own unique?
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primary amino acid sequence
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what are some examples of post-translational modification?
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methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, carboxylation, hydroxylation
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what is an example of positive cooperativity?
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the oxygen binding to hemoglobin, sigmoidal curve
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what do enzymes do?
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they lower the activation energy and increase both the forward and reverse reactions
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what are secondary conformations of proteins stabilized by?
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Hydrogen bonds
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how many carbons does pyruvate contain?
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3!!!!
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Are symmetric molecules optically active?
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No they are optically inactive, assymmetric molecules are optically active and rotate a plane of polarized light.
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what amino acid is known as the helix breaker?
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proline
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what are the products of the Kreb's cycle?
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3 moles of NADH, 1 mole of GTP, 1 mole of FADH2, and 2 moles of CO2
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what is the most important site for renin release in the renin-angiotensin system?
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the kidney
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How to ribonucleotides differ from deoxyribonucleotides?
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at the 2' carbon position, ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group
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what are some post-transcriptional modifications?
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5' capping, 3' RNA poly-A-tail, and intron/exon splicing
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western blot
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proteins
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northern blot
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RNA
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southern blot
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DNA
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methylated parental genes
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heterochromatin
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nucleolus
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produces rRNA, dark spherical mass of densely stained granules, nucleolar organizers, specialized regions of ten chromosomes with multiple copies of genes necessary for the production of RRNA
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what cells have no nucleus?
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Red blood cell
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where is euchromatin found?
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in actively transcripting cells
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ELISA
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enzyme-linked immunoSorbent assay; can measure presence of antibodies or antigens; ex) HIV test
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function of DNA topoisomerases
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they control the degree and type of DNA supercoiling
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gyrase and gyrase inhibitors
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they relieve supercoiling and induce breaks between nucleotides that relax DNA supercoils and relieves torsional pressure; inhibitors of gyrase are antibiotics that inhibit bacterial replication
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what type of mutation doesn't lead to a frameshift mutation?
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altered base pairs; i.e. missense, nonsense, or silent
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where are permanent cells found?
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heart and nervous system
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Barr bodies
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number of X chromosomes is always one more than the number of Barr bodies
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autosomal dominant transmission
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a person needs a single copy of the mutant gene to inherit the disease, traits do not skip generations, there are usually equal numbers of affected males and females; father to son transmission is observed
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where do T-cells and B-cells originate?
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thymus and bone marrow
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what will happen when arteries and arterioles rapidly dilate?
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peripheral resistance will decrease and cardiac function may decrease too
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what are the 3 types of Fungi?
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mold, yeast, and mushrooms
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yeasts
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unicellular, divide by budding, and grow in sugar-rich habitats
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molds
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multicellular and grow well at below room temperature
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What happens when a virus infects a cell?
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1. failed infection 2. lytic infection that rapidly kills the host cell via lysis 3. lysogenic infection that causes the invading virus to integrate itself into the host genome
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What are the four phases of the S-shaped bacterial growth curve?
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1. lag phase
2. exponential growth phase 3. stationary phase (plateau) 4. bacterial death phase |
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transformation
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acquisition of DNA from the environment; bacteria see and grab all encountered DNA
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conjugation
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acquisition of DNA directly from another bacterium via sex pili; main mechanism used by bacteria to pass along antibiotic resistance
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transduction
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DNA acquisition via a bacteriophage intermediate; a virus transfers DNA between host cells
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when does b.p. drop?
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when arterioles dilate, heart fxn decreases, or there is a decrease in blood volume
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charge on histones
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have to be positively charged and basic to match up with negatively charged DNA, composed of high concentration of lysine and arginine (histidine)
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what does penicillin do?
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it inhibits cell wall synthesis
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what do microtubules do?
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1. serve ascytoskeletal structural components
2. are responsible for chromosome segregation during cell division 3. take part in intracellular transport and organelle positioning 4. guide cellular movement via cilia and flagella |
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kingdom Protista
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simplest members of Eukaryotes, have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and 80S ribosomes
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