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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inappropriate dispose of waste
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invites rodents and insects
source for contaminated water pollutes air when combusted promotes diseases lowers property value spreading of debris around sites |
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RCRA (1976)
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Research Conservation and Recovery act
introduced landfill sanitation |
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USEPA
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introduced:
source reduction recycling of materials waste combustion and landfilling |
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MSW
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municipal solid waste
paper, paperboard, yard trimmings, food wastes, plastics, glass, metal, and wood wastes |
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Subtitle D landfill
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landfill that accepts non- hazardous wastes
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Paper and cardboard
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largest component of waste (13%)
food wastes (10.4%) plastics (9.4%) |
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removal of waste is the responsibility of the
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gov't
must develop and create laws and regulations to protect the citizens' health and the environment |
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transfer station
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site where solid waste is concentrated before taken to a processing facility or a sanitary
landfill compaction by placing the waste into a metal channel where a ram compresses the waste into a roll- off collection container |
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55%
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of the total MSW is landfilled
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27.3%
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of MSW is recycled
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17.2%
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of MSW is combusted with most combustion systems employing energy recovered
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open dumping
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is popular in developing countries
illegal dumping is classified as open dumping this leads to water contamination |
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landfills are sources of
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pollution, producers of methane gas and odors, and breeders for sites of pests
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bottom liners of landfills
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composed of clay or synthetic flexible membranes
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landfills in #s
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southeast has the most
northeast has the least |
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recycling or resource recovery
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the act of removing materials of MSW for a productive use
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what does recycling do?
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conserves resources
reduces the amount of pollution by using secondary materials save energy by using recycled materials |
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the NE serves 43million people or 80% with....
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curbside recyclables programs
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cullets
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glass bottles are separated into clear, brown, and green glass, and ground into pellets
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composting
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controlled process of degrading organic matter by microorganisms into a hummus- like material
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composts uses
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wetlands
mitigation land reclamation storm filtrates soil amendments mulches low- grade fertilizers |
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combustion with the production of energy
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waste- to- energy
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combustion of MSW without energy recovery
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incineration
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Love Canal
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canal that was sold to a chemical company that dumped waste into it and covered it up with dirt. Community built a school and the waste began to seep up into the ground. Large amount of cancers were being found in the area. The state gov't go involved and to help pay for the people that had to move. Super Fund was created for theses purposes.
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Time Beach, MO
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used the superfund to the fullest after they moved an entire town due to hazardous chemicals in the area.
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hazardous wastes
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discarded solids or liquids with substances that are fatal in low concentrations, toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic
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RCRA jobs
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defining what wasted are hazardous
tracking wastes to the point of disposal assuring that treatment, storage, and disposal facilities meet minimum national standards |
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HSWA
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amendments are known as the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
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HSWA focuses on protecting groundwater by:
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restricting
and mandating stricter requirements for landfills accepting hazardous waste requiring a schedule for determining if the landfilling of untreated hazardous waste increasing the numbers of people under RCRA reg. by including small quantity generations creating a new program for the detection, control, and mang't of hazardous liquids in underground storage tanks |
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Major options for managing hazardous waste
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-reducing the volume and/ or hazard off the waste
-long- term storage or disposal |
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Major options for managing hazardous waste
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-reducing the volume and/ or hazard off the waste
-long- term storage or disposal |
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Hazardous Waste Disposal
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Landfills
deep- well injection surface impoundments |
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
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Superfund Act
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Superfund
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attributed to the fact that the bill created a trust financed primarily by excise taxes on chemicals and oil, and environment tax on corporations
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Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)
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increased the program's funding and provided new and stricter standards
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Core
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has an interior composed of dense, intensely hot metal that generates a magnetic field developing the Earth
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mantle
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a hot, pliable layer surrounding and less dense than the core
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crust
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a cool, lightweight, brittle outermost layer that floats on top of the mantle
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eight most common chemical elements
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iron
oxygen silicon magnesium nickel calcium aluminum sodium |
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mineral
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naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound having a definite composition and a specific internal crystal structure
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rock
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a solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals
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three types of rocks
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igneous- most common in earth's crust
sedimentary-derived from deposited materials that remain in place long enough, or are covered with enough material for compaction metamorphic- when pre- existing rocks are modified by heat, pressure, and chemical agents |
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basalt
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quick cooling of magma produces fine- grained rocks
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granite
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slow cooling of magma produces coarse- grained rocks
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limestone
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sedimentary rocks made from the mineral calcite which came from the beds of evaporated seas and lakes and from the animal shells
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tuff
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consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during volcanic eruption
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mechanical
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physical break- up of rocks into smaller particles without a change in chemical composition
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sedimentation
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deposition of loosened material
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oxidation
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combination with oxygen or removal of electrons from atom, ion, or molecule
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hydrolysis
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splitting of water. hydrogen of water combines with anion of mineral and hydroxyl of water combines with cation of mineral to form acid and base
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ore
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a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a concentration high enough to make mining it economically attractive
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types of mining
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placer mining
strip- mining open- pit mining groundwater contamination |
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Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)
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requires better restoration of strip- mined lands, especially if the mined land is classified as prime farmland
---difficult and $$$ |
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creep
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gradual movement
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earthquakes
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sudden movements in the earth's crust that occur along faults where one rock mass slides past another
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soil liquefaction
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when shaking causes soil to lose structure
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tsunamis
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seismic sea swells that accompany oceanic and coastal landslides and earthquakes
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flood
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biggest problem is the contamination and economic loss
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flood control structures
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locks, dams, levees
they separate floodplains from river and transfer the problems downstreams |
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erosion
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the wearing away of land surfaces by water, wind, ice, gravitational creep or other geological agents
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landslides- general term for rapid down- slope movement of soil or rock
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many human activities such as forest clearing and building homes are steep slopes increase both frequency and damage done by landslides
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barrier islands
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beach erosion
islands located between the mainland and open sea worsen storm damage and cause irreparable damage to entire ecosystems |
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work
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application of force through a distance
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energy
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capacity to do work
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power
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the rate of flow of energy, or the rate at which work is done
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joule
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amount of work done by the force needed to accelerate 1 kg
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natural gas is the most efficient fuel
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only 10% is lost during shipping and processing (energy)
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Americans and Canadians generally use more than 300x more energy than a person in one of the poorest countries
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Europeans use about 1/2 that and they have very similar systems
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fossil fuels
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coal
natural gas oil |
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fossil fuels
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are organic chemicals created by living organisms that were buried in sediments millions of yrs. ago and transformed to energy- rich compounds
essentially nonrenewable resources |
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coal burning releases large amts. of air pollution, and is the largest single source of acid rain in many areas
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mining is dangerous to humans and the environment
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Middle East controls 2/3 of all proven- in- place reserves (oil)
Saudi Arabia |
U.S has used up about 40% of oil resources
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oil contains high
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sulfur
drilling causes soil and water pollution |
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natural gas
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difficult to ship across oceans, to store in large quantities, and much waste flaring off
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Nuclear power
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produces only 7% of the U. S energy supply
construction and safety concerns U235 is the common fuel for nuclear reactors |
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disposal of waste in nuclear power that is produced in mining, fuel production, and reactor operation
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the gov't monitors and retrieves stored uranium
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read slides
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21-26
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parabolic mirrors
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curved reflective surfaces that collect light and focus it onto a concentrated point
long curved mirrors- focus on a central tube containing a heat= absorbing fluid small mirrors- arranged in concentric rings around a tall central tower track the sun and focus light on a heat absorber on top of the tower where molten salt is heated to drive a stream- turbine electric generator |
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distributional surcharges
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small charge levied on all utility customers to help finance research and development
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renewable portfolio
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mandate minimum percentage of energy from renewable sources
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green pricing
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allow utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices for energy from renewable sources
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tidal station
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tide flows through turbines, creating electricity. It requires a high tide/ low- tide differential of several meters
ocean tides and waves contain enormous amounts of energy that can be harnessed |
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geothermal energy
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this source involves the use of high- pressure, high- temperature steam fields that exist below the earth's surface
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