Eha Chap 7

Front 1

What is the smallest living unit of organization in the body?

Back 1

cell

Front 2

Each cell has what parts?

Back 2

membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions

Front 3

What is the active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment?

Back 3

exocytosis

Front 4

What is the uptake of materials from the extracellular environment into the cell?

Back 4

endocytosis

Front 5

What is the engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of the material?

Back 5

phagocytosis

Front 6

What are collections of similarly specilaized cells most often surrounded by extracellular material?

Back 6

tissue

Front 7

Tissues bond together to form what?

Back 7

organ

Front 8

What is a somewhat independent body part that performs a specific function or functions?

Back 8

organ

Front 9

Organs can function together as a what?

Back 9

system

Front 10

Cells in a tissue undergo what, to reproduce themselves and replace the dead tissue cells?

Back 10

cellular division

Front 11

As a result of cellular division, what is formed?

Back 11

2 identical daughter cells

Front 12

What is the study of microscopic structures and function of cells and their tissues?

Back 12

histology

Front 13

What is another term for histology?

Back 13

microanatomy

Front 14

What completely surrounds the cell?

Back 14

cell membrane

Front 15

What is another name for cell membrane?

Back 15

plasma membrane

Front 16

What occurs where there is no fusion of a vesicle membrane with the cell membrane and subsequent expulsion of the contained material?

Back 16

exocytosis

Front 17

What is a "gatekeeper" of the cell's interior?

Back 17

cell membrane

Front 18

What serve as structural reinforcements as well as receptors for specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and immunoglobulins?

Back 18

proteins of cell membranes

Front 19

What includes the semifluid portion contained within the cell membrane boundary as well as the skeletal system of support?

Back 19

cytoplasm

Front 20

What are the spaces or cavities in cytoplasm?

Back 20

vacuoles

Front 21

What are specialized, metabolically active structures within the cell?

Back 21

organelles

Front 22

What subdivide the cell into compartments?

Back 22

organelles

Front 23

What are the major organelles of the cell?

Back 23

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton

Front 24

What is the largest, densest, and most conspicuous organelle in the cell when it is viewed microscopically?

Back 24

nucleus

Front 25

A nucleus is found in all cells except what type of cells?

Back 25

red blood cells

Front 26

What type of cell is mulitnucleated?

Back 26

skeletal muscle cells

Front 27

In an actively dividing cell, the chromatin condenses into microscopically visible, descrete, rodlike what?

Back 27

chromosomes

Front 28

What is a clear, constricted arear near the middle of the chromosome?

Back 28

centromere

Front 29

What are daughter chromosomes?

Back 29

chromatid

Front 30

What is the cell's memory bank?

Back 30

nucleus

Front 31

What is the command center of the cell?

Back 31

nucleus

Front 32

What are complementary copies of distinct segments of DNA?

Back 32

mRNA

Front 33

What are molecules capable of specifically binding to and transporting amino acids units for protein synthesis?

Back 33

tRNA

Front 34

What is the fluid portion within the nucleus that contains important molecules used in the constriction of ribosomes, nucleic acids, and other nuclear material?

Back 34

nucleoplasm

Front 35

The nucleus is completely by what, a membrane similar to the cell membrane, except that it is double layered?

Back 35

nuclear envelope

Front 36

The nuclear envelope may be pierced by what, which act as avenues of communication between the inner nucleoplasm and the outer cytoplasm?

Back 36

nuclear pores

Front 37

What is a prominent rounded nuclear organelle that is usually centrally placed in teh nucleoplasm when the cell is viewed microscopically?

Back 37

nucleolus

Front 38

What mainly produces rRNa and the nucleotides of the two other types of RNA?

Back 38

nucleolus

Front 39

What are the most numerous organelles in the cell?

Back 39

mitochondria

Front 40

What are the "power plants" of the cell?

Back 40

mitochondria

Front 41

What are the site of many metabolic reactions?

Back 41

mitochondria

Front 42

What keeps the cell istotonic?

Back 42

mitochondria

Front 43

What produces ATP?

Back 43

mitochondria

Front 44

What are "protein factories" of the cell?

Back 44

ribosomes

Front 45

What can be free in cytoplasm, bound to membranes, or within the mitochondria?

Back 45

ribosomes

Front 46

What is arranged in a network and is more concentrated in the cell's inner or endoplasmic region that in the peripheral or ectoplasmic region?

Back 46

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 47

The ER consists of what?

Back 47

membrane-bound channels

Front 48

What is involved in transport and storage?

Back 48

rough ER

Front 49

What is involved in modifying the enzyme?

Back 49

rough ER

Front 50

What makes lipid proteins smooth?

Back 50

smooth ER

Front 51

ER is transferred to what, for subsequent segregation, packaging, and transport of protein compound?

Back 51

Golgi complex

Front 52

What makes lysosomes?

Back 52

Golgi complex

Front 53

What is responsible for sorting and storing, transporting and packaging?

Back 53

Golgi complex

Front 54

What is for the heavy duty, nasty stuff?

Back 54

Golgi complex

Front 55

What organelles are produced by the Golgi complex?

Back 55

lysosomes

Front 56

What function in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell?

Back 56

lysosomes

Front 57

What is the main hydrolytic enzyme in lysosomes?

Back 57

hyaluronidase

Front 58

The enzymes of the lysosomes are originally produced where?

Back 58

the Rough ER

Front 59

What destroy foreign particles?

Back 59

lysosomes

Front 60

What are dense, somewhat oval-shaped organelles?

Back 60

centrosome

Front 61

What are the pair of cylindrical structures contained in the centrosome?

Back 61

centrioles

Front 62

The centrosome is always located where?

Back 62

near the nucleus

Front 63

The centrosome plays a significant role in forming the what during cell division?

Back 63

mitotic spindle

Front 64

The interior of the cell has a 3-dimensional system of support called what?

Back 64

cytoskeleton

Front 65

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Back 65

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Front 66

What are delicate threadlike microscopic structures in the cytoskeleton?

Back 66

microfilaments

Front 67

What are slender, hollow, tubular microscopic structures that may appear individually, doubly, or as triplets?

Back 67

microtubules

Front 68

What are various types of thicker, threadlike, microscopic structures within the cell?

Back 68

intermediate filaments

Front 69

What is an intermediate filament that that has a major role in intercellular junctions?

Back 69

tonofilaments

Front 70

What are intermediate filaments that are found in calloused epithelial tissues?

Back 70

keratin

Front 71

What are metabolically inert substances or structures that are transient?

Back 71

inclusions

Front 72

What are released from storage by the cell and used as demand dictates?

Back 72

inclusions

Front 73

What is the order of mitosis?

Back 73

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 74

What stage of mitosis is when chromatin condenses into chromosomes. replicated centrioles migrate to opposite poles, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintgrate?

Back 74

prophase

Front 75

What stage of mitosis has chromosomes mose so that their centromeres are aligned in teh equatorial plane, mitotic spindles form?

Back 75

metaphase

Front 76

What stage of mitosis has centromeres split, and each chromosome separates into two chromatids, chromatids migrate to opposite poles by the mitotic spindles?

Back 76

anaphase

Front 77

What stage of mitosis has division into two daughter cells and nuclear membrane reappears?

Back 77

telophase

Front 78

In what stage of mitosis are chromosomes first visible?

Back 78

prophase

Front 79

In what stage of mitosis are centromeres lined up?

Back 79

metaphase

Front 80

In what stage of mitosis are chromatids first visible?

Back 80

anaphase

Front 81

How many centrioles are there in a centrosome?

Back 81

two

Front 82

What is a stage of cellular life not of mitosis?

Back 82

interphase

Front 83

What stage has cells between divisions that engage in growth, metabolism, organelle replacement, and substance production, including chromatin and centrosome replication?

Back 83

interphase

Front 84

What is another name for tissue fluid?

Back 84

interstitial fluid

Front 85

What provides a medium for dissolving, mixing, and transporting substances and for carrying out chemical reactions?

Back 85

tissue fluid

Front 86

Where does tissue fluid come from?

Back 86

blood capillaries

Front 87

What washes away blood biproducts?

Back 87

tissue fluid

Front 88

What is an excessive amount of tissue fluid?

Back 88

edema

Front 89

What fills spaces between cells in a tissue and is shapeless, colorless, and transparent?

Back 89

intercellular substance

Front 90

Where does intercellular substance come from?

Back 90

cells

Front 91

What helps cells maintain integrity?

Back 91

hyaluronic acid

Front 92

What is an intercellular junction between cells?

Back 92

desmosome

Front 93

What hold parts of the cell together?

Back 93

tonofilaments

Front 94

What makes cytoskeleton pop back together?

Back 94

tonofilaments

Front 95

What involves attachment of a cell to an adjacent noncellular surface?

Back 95

hemidesmosomes

Front 96

What type of attachment is present with the gingival epithelium that attaches to the tooth surface?

Back 96

hemidesmosome

Front 97

Where does transcription occur?

Back 97

nucleus

Front 98

Where does translation occur?

Back 98

cytoplasm

Front 99

What is reading the copy of DNA?

Back 99

translation

Front 100

What is making a copy of chromosome?

Back 100

transcription

Front 101

What reads the copy of the chromosome?

Back 101

rRNA

Front 102

What knows the "recipe" of the chromosome?

Back 102

tRNA