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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
King Lists |
A group of texts written throughout Egyptian history that list out the kings of Egypt in order, beginning with the first kings to rule over all of Egypt, and not just the North or South |
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Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt |
700 BCE copy of a 2400 BCE text recording kings from as early as 3000 BCE |
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Palermo Stone |
A 700 BCE copy of a 2400 BCE text recording kings from as early as 3000 BCE, showing King's names on tops and corresponding signs of Kings of Lower Egypt |
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Abydos King List |
King list, 1300 BCE |
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Manetho's Aegyptica |
King's list, history of Egypt, written in Greek, covers Dynasty 1 to Greeks, gives specific years and sometimes days for reigns. Survives only in copies, which have errors. |
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King Djer |
First pharaoh of the Third Dynasty |
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6000-3150 BCE: Neolithic and Predynastic Periods |
Earliest period |
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3150-2700 BCE Early Dynastic |
Second earliest period |
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2700-2200 BCE Old Kingdom |
Pyramid Age Prosperity, wealth, and minimal conflict Control over core Nile Valley Shifts in bureaucracy empower local nomarchs Ended when low inundations caused a drought, leading to starvation and decentralized power |
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2150-2000 BCE First Intermediate Period |
Characterized by provincial governance Local artistic traditions Supposed lack of power and control Biography of Ankhtifi Ended when nomarchs fight for kingship, Mentuhotep II from Thebes defeats rivals in Herakleopolis |
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2000-1650 BCE Middle Kingdom |
Classical period for literature Capital: Iti-Tawi Empire extended south to the 2nd cataract and outward toward the oases Wealth and trade increase, and Egypt's rivers connected to the Mediterranean become focal points of trade and economic growth |
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1650-1550 BCE Second Intermediate Period |
Short rule in end of the 13th dynasty leaves a political vacuum The royal court moves to Thebes and loses control of the North "Hyksos", foreign rulers from the North take over at Avaris |
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1550-1050 BCE New Kingdom |
Most documented period of Egyptian history Most famous pharaohs come from this time Dominated by the Thutmoseids and the Ramessids Significant military campaigning gave Egypt control into the Sinai peninsula and into the Levant Movement to the South gives Egypt control over Nubia Rise of Amun - priesthood gets power through land grants to the temple of Amun Ended by religious power control (priest too powerful) and loss of international control (hittitites, assyrians, etc threaten Egyptian boundaries) |
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1050-650 BCE Third Intermediate Period |
Rule is split between king and priest of Amun Strong Libyan families in Thebes rule until Kush takes over Egypt Tomb robberies make it unsafe to bury yourself with precious objects Lack of centralized power makes it hard to come by internationally traded goods More time is spent on cheaper items and the body |
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Hyksos |
Ruled from Avaris in the delta Still took on Egyptian titulary, which included Egyptian gods' names Maintained Egyptian temples From Syrio-Palestine |
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Why was the Nile important? |
Inundation - red land vs black land (deshret vs kemet) Protection and trade Transportation - clear boundaries on land lead to cultural boundaries |
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Kemet |
Black, fertile soil from the nile |
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Cataracts |
Rapids on the nile that serve as boundaries and barriers to outsiders |
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Key features of the Nile delta |
Rosetta stone, Alexandria was capital during Greco-Roman period, Tanis was capital in 21st-22nd dynasties, Avaris was capital in 2nd Intermediate and Ramesside periods |
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Key features of the Nile Valley |
Rocky limestone farther away from the Nile, contains Middle Egypt (capital during Middle Kingdom and Amarna period, bread basket during Roman period) and Upper Egypt (area of earliest state development in Egypt, capital during New Kingdom) |
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Deshret |
Formal name for the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and for the desert red land (contrast with kemet) |
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Epipaleolithic Egypt |
Craft specialization Fishing and hunting Pre-agricultural or semi-agricultural Nomadic or semi-sedentary communities Pre-pottery Lithics allowed archaeologists to define it culturally as the "Fayum A culture" |
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Egypt by 4000 BCE |
Agriculture and pastoralism are ubiquitous and Neolithic period is clearly underway Groups of people are being driven together into smaller areas and Egypt is not yet unified under one dynasty - is in predynastic period Begins dichotomy between upper and lower egypt |
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Neolithic Lower Egypt - Maadi-Buto |
3800-3200 BCE Cultural similarities suggest originates from the Levant Minimal differentiation in burial wealth Burials in fetal position with stone coverings Wheel-based pottery, varied lithics, and imported and worked copper Domesticated pigs, cattle, sheep, etc Domesticated wheat, barley, and lentil Oval shaped architecture made from temporary materials Red crown Major deity: wadjet (cobra) |
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Neolithic Upper Egypt - Naqada |
4000-3000 BCE Increasing differentiation in burial wealth Capital: Hierakonpolis Complex stone and pottery production Larger, more permanent settlements More varied animal domestication and intensification of barley White crown Major deity: Nekhbet (vulture) |
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Egypt by 3200 BCE |
Two major cultures of Egypt (lower and upper) expanding towards each other Development of writing |
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Narmer Palette |
3000 BCE Proof that Egypt is unified, suggests that ruler came from the South Symbolism demonstrates Kingship, social hierarchy, and rule over different regions Serekh Bull heads White crown and red crown False beard Standards Sanal bearer United mythical beasts Bull Conquered enemies |
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Duties of kingship |
Maintaining Ma'at (truth, balance order) |
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How did a king maintain maat? |
Fighting against isfet (chaos), head of all forms of state, military general, judges the righteous, takes role of priest |
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What symbolized kingship? |
Royal attire - white/red/dual crown, ceremonial beard, bare chest, Shendyst kilt, headdress, bull tail |
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Tomb U-j at Abydo |
Name of owner unknown Earliest royal crook Earliest attested writing |
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What rituals surrounded kingship? |
Moments of Transition/Renewal (Coronation, New Year), Heb sed (regeneration of king's vigor) |
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Mythology concerning kingship |
Osiris myth - struggle Horus and Seth, establishes pharaoh as righteous heir to the throne Myth of heavenly cow - establishes king as earthly representative of sun god Royal birth mythology - the king is conceived through the union of Amun and the queen |
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Myth of the heavenly cow |
Establishes king as earthly representative of sun god |
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What was the king called? |
Horus name, two ladies name showing duality of upper and lower egypt, cartouche |
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Damnatio Memoriae |
Remove image and name of pharaoh Akhenaten's image and name was removed during post-Amarna period, Hatshepsut's name was defaced during the reign of her stepson |
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Ka |
A link to the past, life force that required nourishment in the afterlife and had to be mobile |
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Ba |
Represents power, multiple for deities, can travel the skies, has to return nightly to the body |
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Body in Egyptian death |
A vessel, home base, perfect image of the deceased |
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Heart in Egyptian death |
The center of a person, the seat of reason and emotion, the center of morality, remained in the body |
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Constituents of an individual's personality |
Body, ka, ba, heart, name, akh |
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Heart Scarab |
Mostly an amulet, it was also used as jewelry, a memorializing artifact, or a grave good |
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Opening of the mouth |
In order for a person's soul to survive in the afterlife it would need to have food and water. The opening of the mouth ritual was thus performed so that the person who died could eat and drink again in the afterlife |
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Akh |
Effective spirit, animated in the afterlife after funerary rituals, part of the soul in the afterlife |
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How to protect the "I" for eternity |
Body and heart --> mummification Ba --> return to mummy nightly Ka --> offerings as nourishment Akh --> safe journey |
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Protecting the body |
Desiccate the body by adding natron, removing major organs, protect organs in canopic jars, use oils and tree resins to preserve the skin, wrap the body to protect it from infestation |
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Offering rituals |
Food offerings, depiction of offerings, voice offerings |
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Protecting the akh |
Protection against snakebite, stop dead from being harmed by crocodiles, prevents dead from being slaughtered by demonic servants of Osiris, prevents decapitation in the afterlife, stops the dead from the fate of walking upside down in the afterlife |
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Democratization of the afterlife |
Pyramid texts, coffin texts, book of the dead |
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Defensive burials in the third intermediate period |
Investment directly into the mummy, quantity of cheaper materials |
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Kinds of settlements |
Cities State Towns Forts Villages |
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Cities |
Example: Amarna Largely royal Specialized workshops Elite housing |
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State Towns |
Example: Giza Administrative buildings Industrialized food production Organized housing |
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Forts |
Example: Jaffa Egyptian fort in Israel Barracks Strong retaining wall Industrialized food production |
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Villages |
Example: Maadi Most examples from early dynastic or predynastic Most common settlements Poorly preserved |
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Deir el-Medina |
New Kingdom village of the workmen who built the royal tombs Population around 200 Abandoned at the end of the 20th century Great pit was dug in antiquity to reach water table and used as a trash bin |
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Ostraca from Deir el-Medina |
Group of texts showing daily life |
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Ostraca |
Shards with writing carved into them |
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Kinds of architecture |
Tombs Temples Houses Manufacturing |
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Building materials |
Local plants Mud brick Stone |
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Lateran obelisk |
Largest obelisk, quarried in Aswan and originally resided in Karnak temple |
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Principles in Royal and Elite architecture |
Protect and provide for the ba, ka, and body Establish one's social position for this life and next Last for eternity |
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How did architecture protect and provide for the ba, ka, and body? |
Pyramids of the Old Kingdom protected the king through their magnitude New Kingdom rock-cut tombs had hidden entrances and wells |
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Mastabas |
Earliest stone tombs |
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Djoser's pyramid |
Step pyramid |
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Snefru |
Pharaoh who made Red pyramid, bent pyramid, and medium pyramid |
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Evolution of royal tomb architecture |
Large pyramids --> smaller pyramids with text --> rock cut tombs |
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Principles in Egyptian temple architecture |
Representing the Cosmos - decoration founded in nature, incorporates the horizon and pylons Protecting the Center - where the sacred lives Providing a Way |
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What was the function of art? |
Establish wealth and social hierarchy Create an eternal resting place for the body Daily life function |
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Serdab |
Tomb structure that served as a chamber for the Ka statue of a deceased individual |
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Types of creation |
Tomb owner Tomb servants Destiny Offerings Body Idealized form |
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How does creation lead to consistency? |
Ideal proportion Body positioning Stylistic conventions of identity |
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Ideal proportion |
Egyptian grid system |
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Body positioning |
Ka arms are bent and outstretched to give and receive Establishes clear relationships between people |
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Stylistic conventions of identity |
Color and gender Dress and body positioning show age Size = prominence / position in context Divine have and give the ankh Mummiform represents after death (sometimes a blue skin does as well) |
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The Divine (Netjer) |
Created the world First seen in the early dynastic period and continuously used until the Roman period Roman description is "that which is buried" A wrapped object |
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What does this show? |
Netjer |
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What do the pylons at karnak temple show? |
Netjer |
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What does the apis bull mummified show? |
Netjer |
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What are these the earliest hybrid forms of? |
Netjer |
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Netjer |
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What process does this depict? |
Senetjer: to make divine Through incense and divine smoke |
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Tree goddess Isis and Stela with Hathor (in cow form) from the western mountain |
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Akhenaten with the Aten -- netjer |
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What forms does netjer take? |
Animal Statue Scent Feature in the landscape (eg mountain, tree) The Sun |
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How do we differentiate netjerew (different gods)? |
Different crowns and standard forms |
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Associate a deity with a human-animal hybrid |
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How do we identify the divine? |
Syncretized - one god inhabiting the body of another deity so that the functions and powers are combined; this is never permanent. In most cases a deity takes on a solar aspect through a syncretistic union with Re. |
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Relationship between the Divine and Mankind |
Gods Spirits (Akh) King People |
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What are the three layers of cosmic existence? |
1. Sky - pet - visible 2. Earth - ta - visible 3. Beyond - duat - invisible |
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Osiris Divine KingKilled by his brother Seth Revived and reborn by the magic of his wifeFather of the next true king of Egypt, HorusAs the dead reborn, he resides in and over the underworld |
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What is outside creation?
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nun Infinite, complete darkness, disorder, and nonexistence |
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What is the akhet? |
The akhet, or horizon, serves as a portal between earth/sky/beyond. It is where the earth, the sky, and the underworld all meet at the edge of what is visible on earth |
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What are the cosmos? |
The cosmos is the path of the sun |
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Re, sun God Nut, sky Goddess Geb, earth God |
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What are the three phases of the sun? |
Khepri in the morning Re in the afternoon Atum in the evening |
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Akhet |
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Three phases of the sun: Khepri in the morning, Re in the afternoon, Atum in the evning |
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Three phases of the sun: Khepri in the morning, Re in the afternoon, Atum in the evning |
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What do underworld books tell us? |
Underworld books tell us about what happens to the sun after he sets |
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After the sun sets, the sun god travels on barque on waters of Nun, pulled by gods or jackels |
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After the sun sets. The duat is divided up into 12 regions separated by 12 gates or caverns. |
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After the sun sets. Re enters part of the Duat, awakens the blessed dead with his light |
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After the sun sets. The damned are tortured and killed. |
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After the sun sets. At midnight, Re reunites with Osiris. The ba of Re reunites with its corpse. |
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The ba of Re reunites with its corpse, Osiris. |
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Nephthys and Isis flank Re-Osiris |
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Ba reuniting with Osiris |
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After regeneration, the sun god has to fight the Apopis snake. |
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Alternate tradition: Seth kills Apopis snake |
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Rebirth in the morning: Osiris stays in duat, Khepri ascends into the sky |
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Steps through the duat |
At dusk the sun (as Atum) goes through to the underworld Re passes by the blessed dead and the damned in the early hours of the night At midnight Re joins with Osiris and the blessed dead live a lifetime in the 6th hour Re fights against Apophis At dawn the sun as khepri emerges from the underworld |
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What do Re and Osiris represent? |
The Egyptian concepts of time |
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Neheh The recurring and forever |
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Djet The once and forever |
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What elements unite the earth, sky, and duat? |
Nun - the potential of life Re - the giver of life Osiris - the life regenerator |
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Nun as element uniting earth, sky, Duat |
The potential of life Surrounds the Egyptians' world Accepts the solar disk into the Duat |
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Re as element uniting earth, sky, Duat |
The giver of life Continuous passage through the day sky and underworld neheh |
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Osiris as element uniting earth, sky, Duat |
The life regenerator Remains forever in the underworld with the deceased Djet |
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Since there is a lack of narrative myth in ancient Egyptian texts, how do we know about mythology? |
Short quotes and allusions in ritual texts Iconography Only in magical spells and popular literature we find more coherent narrative accounts about the gods |
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The Greatest Myth: The creation of the universe |
Each major cult center had its own creation account based on similar ideas |
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(Nun) |
Nun in creation myth Before sky existed, before men existed, before death existed Timeless Undifferentiated Endless expanse of waters |
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The original Mound "Benben" at Heliopolis Mimics the inundation |
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Heliopolitan creation tradition |
Date: attested since the Pyramid texts, remained authoritative throughout Pharaonic history The god Atum is the creator The god Atum sits on the primeval mound and masturbates. His semen/spit creates the divine pair Shu and Tefnut |
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The Ennead of Heliopolis |
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What do Shu and Tefnut represent? |
Heliopolitan Opposing concepts of wind/air and moisture |
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Hermopolitan ogdoad Primordial gods: Heh (Infinite), Kuk (Darkness), Niu (Void), Amun (Hidden) |
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Sun god Re in Hermopolitan tradition |
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Amun re |
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Cosmogeny of Thebes |
Eclectic account, which is basically an adaptation of Hermopolitan cosmogony Amun is promoted to being sole creator god In new Kingdom Amun develops into transcendent creator god from whom all other gods emanate In this virgin, he is the first creator and creates a snake goddess who births the Ogdoad As god of wind he breathes life into all living creatures |
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First register: the Ogdoad of Hermopolis Second register: the Ennead of Heliopolis |
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Recurring elements in creation myths |
Nun - primeval ocean Primeval mound - sandbank emerging out of the retreating waters at the end of the inundation season Autogenesis of creator ("the one who made himself") Ma'at - cosmic order Sap tepy - the first occasion Isfet - chaos, undifferentiated matter |
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Humanity's relationship with the creator |
Texts largely silent No account of the creation of man and woman Allusions to the idea that mankind is created from the tears of god Hymns and wisdom literature suggest creation tailored to human needs |
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Creation of mankind |
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The Myth of the Heavenly Cow Egyptians conceived as mankind as being the tears that issued from the sun god's eye through a play on words describes the reasons for the imperfect state of the world in terms of humankind's rebellion against the supreme sun god Ra. Divine punishment was inflicted through the goddess Hathor with the survivors suffering through separation from Ra who now resided in the sky on the back of Nut the heavenly cow. |
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What is magic? |
A vehicle for interacting with the invisible forces of the world A means to have personal contact with and connect with the divine |
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Heka = Magic. Existed before duality had yet come into being. |
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Why are we scared of Heka? |
Heka is invisible, powerful, and dangerous. It should only be used when you can control its outcome. |
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How do we harness Heka? |
1. Mythological precedent - linking something with the mythological past ensures its outcome 2. Homeopathic medicine - Like affects like. Linking one substance with another controls its effect. 3. Contagious magic - touching an object with known magical properties controls the transfer of heka 4. Persuasive magic - threatening the divine forces to act on your behalf |
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Metternich Stela Shows mythological precedent and contagious magic For the magical healing of poisons, mostly caused by animals. Water was poured over the stela and drunk by the person with the ailment. Tells the story of Horus bitten by poisonous snake/scorpion and Isis' spells for his healing. |
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Homeopathic medicine for heka |
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When should we apply heka? |
1. Productive 2. Protective 3. Destructive 4. Curative |
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I am one with Atum when he still floated alone in Nun, the waters of chaos, beforeany of his strength had gone into creating the cosmos. I am Atum at his mostinexhaustible - the potence and potential of all that is to be. This is my magicprotection and it's older and greater than all the gods together. |
Productive heka |
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Protective heka |
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Destructive heka |
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Why do we need execration rituals? |
Or else the foreigncountries will revolt against Egypt and war and rebellion will occurin the entire country. One will not listen to pharaoh in his palaceand this land will be without defenders. |
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Curative heka |
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What does a personal relationship with the divine look like? |
Magic Medicine Prayer Daily interaction |
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What did praying to god at the temple entail? |
Votive stele Intermediate statues in forecourt of temple Contra Temple |
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Divinity in the home House alters in the first room of the cult Ancestor cult and fertility |
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Who were the housegold gods? |
Bes - dwarf Tawaret - hippo with crocodile tail |
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Bes - dwarf |
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Taweret - hippo with crocodile tail |
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Ivory wands to protect pregnant women Decorated with apotropaeic and regenerative imagery. Placed around the bed of pregnant women to delineate safe / pure space. Found in Middle Kingdom tombs Ritually broken |
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Divine in the home Ancestor worship |
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The divine in nature Meretseger, local goddess of Deir el Medina Rock cut chapels and steles Protruding rock resembles upright cobra |
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What are the six features of society associated with the temple and cult? |
Creation of an Egyptian state Literature Daily life Kingship Art and architecture Cosmology, cosmogony, personal piety |
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shows netjer as |
1. Wrapped object: A place of cult action, place where the divine where the divine can exist, a temple space 2. Perched falcon: the community associated with a cult place and an animal 3. Determinative after naming God: an anthropomorphized being who can interact with the community through speech and thought |
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In summary |
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Cult landscape |
Local gods develop in cities along the Nile Successful communities mean successful deities and vice versa |
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Amun |
Despite potentially originating in Hermopolis, Amun becomes a local god of Thebes This leads to a Theban cosmogony that adapts and places Amun as the creator god |
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Places where temples to Amun have been found Cult of Amun |
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Early temples |
Made out of organic materials |
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Why does the location of the temple often remain the same? |
Because the ritual space is critical to netjer so temples are built over / replace existing architecture |
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Temple layout Avenue of sphinxes Pylons Courtyard Chamber of the barque Hypostyle hall Sanctuary Storerooms |
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House of the God, not House of God |
Place where the divine is rooted on Earth Per: the cult domain, including the lands of the divine Hwt-netjer: physical, stone temple |
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Hwt-netjer |
Physical, stone temple |
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Per |
Cult domain of the temple, including the lands of the divine Economic role of temple Redistribution of temple wealth ensured a visible maintenance of ma'at |
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Hwt-netjer |
Physical, stone temple Ideological role of the temple Carved on the walls of the temple were the rituals, hymns, and protections necessary to make it a functional home for the divine and enable cosmic continuance. The invisible mechanisms behind it maintained ma'at |
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The Cult Ritual Hetep: to satisfy (aka to give offerings) |
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Hem-netjer: Sevant of God |
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Priest, wab, a pure man |
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Daily ritual steps |
1. Opening rituals 2. Rituals of offering roasted meats 3. Rituals presenting foods, drinks, pouring libations, burning incense 4. Closing rituals 5. Rituals of reversion of offerings |
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Opening ritual Breaking the seal and awakening the God |
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The God's meal Offering roasted meat and other foods |
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Offering of incense and ma'at Incense and divine smoke |
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Reversion of offerings |
Daily foods are returned to the temple personnel and their families Redistributive economy |
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Role of the daily ritual |
1. Awaken the god = divine rebirth 2. Give offerings to the Gods = satisfying them in order to maintain ma'at 3. Reversion of offerings = redistribute ma'at to the population |
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Festivals |
The Daily ritual was an interaction between the King and the God (or high priest) The festivals were an opportunity for everyone else to see the God Processing the God's image to different places links the cultic landscapes and perpetuates the idea of a unified state |
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Divine procession |
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The movements of the bark were an opportunity to submit oracular requests Hatshepsut took advantage of this to emphasize that she was chosen by the God Amun as King |
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Feast of the Wadi |
Celebrates the Goddess Hathor Links her with Amun-Re Moving the god Amun-Re from the east (land of the living) to where Hathor resided in the west (land of the dead) Linking the living with the dead also meant celebrating ancestors and the mortuary cults of previous kings |
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The rise of Amun God Amun is the local god of Thebes, the most powerful city in the New Kingdom Priesthood gets power through land grants to the temples of Amun |
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Amunhotep III Father of Akhenaten Long stable reign Abundant crops and successful military victories led to incredible wealth Epithet: "the dazzling sun disc" |
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Amunhotep III worshipping himself as a god |
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Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) |
Honors his father as God Revises his name to Akhenaten Moves capital away from Thebes to a new barren land: Akhenaten Removes all names of deities except for Aten or Re |
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Geographical location of Amarna |
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Boundary stelae |
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Insights from Amarna boundary stelae |
Akhenaten is the sole son of Ra and God Nefertiti and Akhenaten are divine Nefertiti is given titles normally associated with kingship Vestiges of the traditional heliopolitan creation myth, but these are linked directly to Akhenaten and Amunhotep III |
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Excerpts from the hymn to Aten |
The Aten's rays touch all that is created The Aten is the creator god The Aten is distant, yet it touches everything The Aten creates all life The Aten is only personally connected to his son, Akhenaten When the sun rises, creation lives, when it sets they die |
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Amarna religion |
Radicalization of New Kingdom (Solar) theology The complete disappearance of the gods, as opposed to plurality A monotheistic religion, which is revealed to the king who speaks on behalf of the god (the god himself remains mute) An endeavor by the king to curtail the influence of the Amun-Re priesthood |
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Damnatio memoraie of Amun |
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Divine presence in Amarna religion |
No cults - the god has no statue Cosmos - the god is only present as light No personal contact - only the king has contact with the god, while the god is mute in texts |
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Aten |
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Temple in Amarna Religion |
The temple is not the house of the god, but merely a place of offering The center of the temple is not the naos but one of many offering platforms in the temple The way of the temple is for the king going inside instead of the god going outside The building is open-air (no roof) so that the light can penetrate the entire building |
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Procession in Amarna religion |
The procession is no longer the God out. It is not the king in. |
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Household religion in Amarna |
Bes and Tawaret still there Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their daughters in the rays of the solar disk |
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Berlin stela Household religion: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughters in rays of solar disc Example of art: heightened intimacy, flowing shawls/scarves show a moment, not eternity. Belly folds, elongated necks and natural positioning redefines idealized forms Form a triangular composition implying they are the divine triad |
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Bust of Nefertiti Incomplete |
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Only instance of self-portraiture in Egyptian art |
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Art in Amarna |
Divine is expressed within royal family Statuary takes on new profiles, presenting Akhenaten as lionlike Gender between king and queen is fluid Children are hypersexualized Without a duat, time can be shown as ephemeral and linear Artists take on their own identities and have room to innovate Art allows for naturalism |
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Who took over after Akhenaten? |
Nefertiti "disappears" and a co-regent is first recorded. A male successor appears. |
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Reaction to Amarna religion in the late new kingdom when orthodoxy returns |
Dismantlement of buildings for new temples and pylons Damnatio memoriae Elimination of Akhenaten's name from king list Restoration of polytheism and temple cult Pantheistic Amun-Re theology of the following Ramesside period |
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Restoration stela of Tutankhamun and Horemheb Commemorates end of religious iconoclasm of Akhenatan and the official return to the traditional Egyptian system under King Tut |
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Who do people think Tutankhamun's tomb may have been meant for? |
Nefertiti |
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Amun-Re theology of the Ramesside period |
Pantheism: Amun-Re is a 'world god' who embodies nature and animates the world from within The divine has become transcended and his essence can only be described in paradoxes: he is alone and distant, yet present and emanating into the multiplicity of the gods and creation |
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Timeline of Ptolemaic Kingdom |
332 - 282 century BC: Laying the foundations (I) 282 - 222 century BC: The Golden Age (II, III) 222 - 168: Unrest and Crisis of the Empire (IV, V, VI) 168-31: Under the shadow of Roman power (VI to Cleopatra) |
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Laying the Foundations |
Ptolemy, a Macedonian general of Alexander, becomes Satrap of Egypt Alexandria is the new capital of Egypt Ptolemy I fights off external threats to Egypt Military operations in the Med and influence over the Aegean |
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Satrap Stelai Bragging about Ptolemy I |
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The Golden Age |
Further development of Alexandria and flourishing of Alexandrian coulture Royal cults: divination of Ptolemy I and of Arsinoe wife of Ptolemy II Syrian Wars Egypt maintains key role in the Aegean Cyrenaica becomes part of Ptolemaic empire |
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Unrest and Crisis of the Empire |
Transition period Ptolemies lose control over Coele-Siria and the coast of Asia Minor Secession of Thebes: Thebes becomes an autonomous pharaonic state King of Syria conquers part of the Delta region |
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Under the Shadow of Roman Power |
Roman ambassador forces king of Syria to retreat from Egypt Dynastic conflicts keep weakening Egypt's power Rome intervenes in Egypt's politics and eventually conquers Egypt with Octavian |
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The Day of Eleusis |
Ended the Sixth Syrian War and Antiochus' hopes of conquering Egyptian territory |
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Ptolemaic Settlements |
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Ptolemeic power in 190 BC |
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Memphis |
Valley city. City and Ptolemeic palace Levant district Temple of Ptah Port Palace of Apries |
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Alexandrian lighthouse |
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Ptolemeic power in Golden Age |
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Alexandria |
Main streets Known districts (Rakotis and Brauchion) Necropolis |
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Ptolemeic Royal Iconography Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II Cross-cultural sculpture - hair braid, different face shape, Greek dresses |
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What did people write and read in the far south of Ptolemaic Egypt? |
Ptolemaic Elephantine show us scraps of daily life, complaint about consultation of oracle, a Greek drinking song, and a praise of Ptolemaic Egypt |
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Sources of Roman rule |
Archaeological records Textual records (emic vs etic): hieroglyphs, papyri, Plutarch, Arrian, Josephus |
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Cleopatra VII |
Last Ptolemaic Egyptian ruler |
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Julis Caesar |
Gallic Wars Civil War Has son with Julius Caesar |
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Marc Antony and Octavian |
Form 2nd Triumvirate with Marcus Lepidus to defeat Caesar's assassins Marc Antony marries Cleopatra Octavian convinces Senate to declare war on Antony and Cleopatra |
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Augustus' Egypt |
"I added Egypt to the Empire of the Roman People" Treated Egypt like the personal property of hte emperor Left 18,000 men to pacify and secure Egypt |
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Governance of Romans in Egypt |
A province in a larger empire Ruled by a foreign emperor Administered by non-locals Foreign troops stationed throughout |
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Economy of Romans in Egypt |
New forms of taxation New goods imported Intensified agricultural activity, geared towards exportation Intensification of global trade |
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Cura Annonae |
Care for the grain supply An important administrative role Supplied the inhabitants of the city of Rome with a steady supply of grain –usually subsidized; sometimes free |
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Art and architecture of Romans in Egypt |
Temple architecture remained largely consistent with normal conventions In most urban centers in Roman Egypt, classical architecture / building types coexisted with Pharaonic architectural features |
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Mummy portraits Discovered in the Fayum region Encaustic painted wood panels Various pigments used Realistic depictions following contemporary vogue |
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Belief of the Romans in Egypt |
Imperial cult worship adopted into preexisting tradition of ruler cult but Romans apathetic Introduction of Christianity - Constantine's Edit of Milan ends state-enforced persecution |
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Theodosius' decree |
Closes temples and bans use of hieroglyphs |
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Egyptian influence in Rome. Pyramid of Cestius, obelisk in front of the Pantheon The Cult of Isis (originally adopted from Greek syncretism - Demeter = Isis) |
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Papyri and society |
Papyri preserve well in Egypt's dry climate and sheds light on many facets of Egyptian life |
