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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mesopotamia:
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means land between rivers
-Tigris and eupratates -laws, kingships, built worshiping temples, wheel -the natural levees attacked people to this area, it gave them protection, the sediment was fertile and easily drained, planted, irrigated and cultivated -this promise could only be found with irrigation -would choose a strong leader to rule this lead to monarchy Significance: humans changed from the life style of hunter gatherer to city livers, they also developed many technologies like the wheel. |
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The Sumerians:
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-arrived 3000BCE from central asia
-dominant in 2900-2400BCE -the southern part of Mesopotamia -developed writing/ the wheel -divided into 4 main classes -king, free clients (people who worked for the nobility in exchange for land), artisans, slaves Significance: basic social ,economic and intellectual framework of Mesopotamia was established during Sumerian rule Because they created the most influential inventions such as writing, the wheel and many more. Aussi they were the first known civilization is meso |
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The Akkadians:
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-northern part of Mesopotamia
-sumerians could never rule over the south -Sargon the great conquered the Sumerians and made a capitol in Akkad which is were the name is from -it fell to invading barbarians Significance: Oldest semetic langue still preserved also Hebrew and Arabic let research study the time back then First empire of history |
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The Assyrians
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-rose after years of uncertainty
-lead my Assurasirpal II -best army/most feared in the near east -first true empire -but the power of fear was not enough to hold together the empire -people started to revolt -led to the collapse of the empire -the Persians took over lader Cyrus the great lead with fairness and tolerance Significance: first to develop many military tactists, first to introduce combat vehicles, employment, egineers, libraries and universities, was first empire, spread culture all over the place |
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The Babylonians:
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-reunited
-used central location to dominate trade and eventually control all of Mesopotamia -king Hammurabi established Babylon as the leading power -conquered Akkad and Assyria, having control of the north and the south -he also made the law code -it was inscribes on stone pillar for all to see -the law were though to be divinely inspired -punishment were disgined to fit the crimes -the royalty only had to pay a fine -but laws were extreme kept people in place Significance: first uniting of Mesopotamia and invention of law code |
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Tigris and Euphrates
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-rivers sprung from the nile
-steady source of water -firtile land -fresh fish Significant: without it the Mesopotamian civilasaion wouldn’t be able to survive, it was dry, grew crops and progress economically. Also it provide a trade center to other places, protects them from enemies |
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Cuneiform:
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-invented by the Sumerians
-meant wedge-shaped -before writing was only in pictograms -this let trade be easy - it was spread through the trading network Significant: it was the first major step toward modern languages, first language, made it easier to communicate, with the creation of letters |
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The wheel:
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-invented by the Sumerians
-3500 BCE -used to move large loads -made life a lot easier -strengthed their economy -they could work twice as fast -gave more mobility for trade Significance: It let the people do so much more work but also trade with people |
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Hammurabi:
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--king Hammurabi established Babylon as the leading power
-king of Babylonia -Gained control of both the north and the south -Famous because of his law code, which was inscribed on a stone pillar for all to see in the town square -Laws of ancient Babylon and Mesopotamia designed to fit the crimes -This was the origin of the concept on an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth with consequences differing according to rank; members of the nobility faced much more lenient penalties Significance: he was able to unite meso and also make a law code |
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Urban Revolution:
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-when mesopamias started to develop cities
-caused many of innovations -eg domestication of crops, herding of crops, pottery, the wheel, metal, tool, writing -transformation between agriculture villages to urban society Significance: most social transformation, allowed villages to turn to modern cities |
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Mummification:
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-they saw afterlife as the best moments of their life on earth
-death was not an end but a beginning -the preparation to the afterlife was different for different social statuses -the body must be preserved in a lifelike form and the dead should have items for the afterlife -the gift range from simple possessions to warehouses full of gold -they called the spirit ka -at first when people were baries in shallow sand graves, the sand woulf dry out the body and preserve it -when coffins were made the egyptains used resin-soaked liens to preserve the bodies -this process became more elaborate over the years Significance: the thought of the afterlife made people work hard in their lifetime |
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Ma’at:
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-the king had absolute rule but had follow the principles of ma’at
-picture as a woman with ostrich feathers -was the goddess and symbol of equilibrium of the universe -the king had to follow by the principles --if they altered it to much it would destroy the equilibrium Significance: this made the ideas of the kings just build on eachother and none make drastic changes, this is why Egypt lasted long and but also didn’t improve much |
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Mastabas:
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-an early Egyptian tomb used for royals
-rectangular -low lying -constructed from mud, brick or stone Significance because first steps towards pyramids these preserve Egyptian culture |
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Hieroglyphics:
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-Egyptian form of writing
-borrowed form Mesopotamia but had more pictures -the writing look nice in temples and tombs -but was difficult in day to day use -most used hieratic writing which was a simple fast way to write hieroglyphics -became even more popular when it was use for letter and record keeping -but this writing became less used until the Rosetta stone was found Significance: this writing let us understand a lot more about how the people lived, finding it out |
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Pharaoh:
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-believed to be the embodiment of the god Horus
-this gave the pharaoh ultimate power -it gave control of military and religion -this gave stability because there were few challenges -but still had to go under the wishes of Ma’at Significance: this made Egypt very stable but it didn’t improve very much because if there was a problem it couldn’t be compromised |
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Djoser:
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-He was a pharaoh most weel known in the 3rd dynasty
-2686-2613BCE -lived at the same time as Imhotep -Imhotep was his right hand man -he was the first pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid -with the help of Imhotep his pyramid was -exploited turquoise and copper -deployed military technics -step prymids Significance: brought many thing the the Egyptian economy -expanded his economy -construction projects such like pyramid |
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Hatshepsut:
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-a women who rules
-even though it broke tradition she represented a time of peace and stability -she expanded the trade to new places -supported no military movements -used priest for trading -started massive building projects for her tomb -after 15 year her stepson took over -she was the first queen of Egypt Significance: she broke tradition, also he stepson destroyed all of her things |
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Menes:
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-king menes represented the white and red crown
-lower Egypt was ruled by the red crown and the white crown rule the top -he united it -he and his heir controlled all of Egypt -ruler of all affair and religions Significant: he was the first to unit Egypt so it could grow -he made it a more cohesive group |
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Ziggurat:
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-Mesopotamian thought gods need religious ceremonies with temples
-temples made from red brick -but because there was so much flooding they had to be placed on platforms -the temples on platforms are known as ziggurats -stack of platforms decreasing from size from bottom to top -like a step pyramid but there were chapels on top -1-7 platforms Significance: they keep the temple cool shows how much the religion is worth to them |
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Tuthmosis III:
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-inherited the throne from his father
-expanded the military -many conquests -more building because lot of money Significance: he expanded the military a lot and brought wealth to Egypt |
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Tutankhamun:
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-came to power young
-he sought to restore stability after fathers change in religion -he brought it back to tradition things -resorted priest and moved -his tomb was not robed Significance: he help them learn about Egypt |
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The Nile:
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-consisted 2 rivers
-very predictive -they knew when to plant -protection -natural resources -isolation -nile delta was the bit emptying into the meterainne sea -nile valley is located between 2 desserts Significance: let them live |
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Ramses II:
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-ruled for 76 years
-he constructed more building than anyone else - two huge temples at abu simbel -not long after him Egypt fell because of the romans Significance: built a lot and showed Egyptian culture |
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Neolithic Revolution:
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idk
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