Eent, Lungs, And Heart

Front 1

The absence of lateral 1/3 of eyebrow could indicate what?

Back 1

Hypothyroidism

Front 2

The opening between the margins of the upper and lower eyelids when the eye is open is called what?

Back 2

palpebral fissure

Front 3

When inspecting eyelashes, what are you looking for?

Back 3

evenness in distribution, unevenly spaced hair, curled outward

Front 4

When the upper lid falls too far over the iris, drooping lid

Back 4

Ptosis

Front 5

A pituitary dysfunction caused by hyperthyroidism, resulting in the protrusion of the eyes

Back 5

exophthalmia

Front 6

A condition where the lower lid falls away from the eyeball, it causes dryness, redness, and congestion

Back 6

ectropion

Front 7

Exophthalmia is caused by what?

Back 7

hyperthyroidism

Front 8

a condition where the lower lid rolls inwards causing redness and infection because the eyelashes are touching the eyeball

Back 8

Entropion

Front 9

When inspecting blinking, what are you looking for?

Back 9

Blinking should be involuntary, symmetrical, with complete closure of the eyelids.

Front 10

The malfunction of the cranial nerve VII causes what?

Back 10

Bell's Palsy

Front 11

A condition where the iris of the eye appears to be pushed down into the sclera, may be due to fluid overload

Back 11

scleral edema

Front 12

A pale whitish palpebral conjunctiva may indicate what?

Back 12

anemia or low O2

Front 13

If the sclera and or surrounding conjunctiva is yellow/bronze it may indicate what?

Back 13

liver disease or jaundice

Front 14

Give examples of corneal and iris deviations

Back 14

iris nevus, arcus senilis, ptergyium, corneal occlusions

Front 15

a freckle or mole on the iris

Back 15

iris nevus

Front 16

the overgrowth of sclera into iris. it may cover the pupil and can obstruct vision.

Back 16

ptergyium

Front 17

a milky white ring on outer rim of iris occurs with high fat and lipid content in blood

Back 17

arcus senilis

Front 18

the normal range for pupil size

Back 18

2-6mm

Front 19

PERRLA stands for

Back 19

pupils are equal round reactive to light and accommodates

Front 20

what is miosis?

Back 20

when pupils constrict to less than 2mm

Front 21

A type of miosis that may be caused by drug OD, DM, alcoholism, a brain tumor, syphilis, CNS disorders

Back 21

Argyll Robertson pupils

Front 22

miosis can mean damage to what part of the brain?

Back 22

the pons

Front 23

a condition where the pupils appear to be blown up large, greater than 6mm in size, dilated and fixed

Back 23

Mydriasis

Front 24

Aniscoria may indicate what?

Back 24

An increase in intracranial pressure, pt who had a stroke, head injury.

Front 25

When checking for pupillary reflex, you should...?

Back 25

Start at outside of one eye and work your way inwards, (Coming in from the side)Check to see if pupils constrict to light. Check for direct and consensual reflexes

Front 26

A person going through cardiac arrest, their pupils appear to be

Back 26

blown up, aka mydriasis

Front 27

a condition where the pupils are unequal before light is shined in to it

Back 27

aniscoria

Front 28

when consensual eye dilates instead of constricting when light is shown in direct eye may indicate what kind of pupillary dysfunction?

Back 28

Marcus Gunn Pupillary RXN

Front 29

What is adie's pupil?

Back 29

when a mydriatic pupil reacts to light sluggishly. Also sluggish accommodation. It is usually unilateral

Front 30

Argyll Robertson pupils are caused by what?

Back 30

Caused by Drug OD, DM, CNS disorders, syphilis, alcoholism, brain tumor

Front 31

Labile constriction and dilation

Back 31

hippus phenomenon

Front 32

cloudiness of the lens, pupil does not react to light

Back 32

cataracts

Front 33

With monocular blindness, when light is shinning directly into the blind eye what happens?

Back 33

no response in either eye

Front 34

the ability to focus on a far object the focus to near object

Back 34

accommodation

Front 35

how do you check for accommodation?

Back 35

check by using penlight holding it 8 to 10 inches away from face, tell pt to focus on object that is at far then have them switch focus to the pen light.

Front 36

presbyopia happens because of what?

Back 36

loss of lens elasticity and loss of accommodation due to age

Front 37

When checking for eye convergence, what are you looking for?

Back 37

crossing of eyes

Front 38

if eyes are unable to converge, what does this indicate?

Back 38

EOM weakness

Front 39

poor peripheral vision may indicate what?

Back 39

lesions, brain tumor, stroke, glaucoma, or retinal detachments

Front 40

cranial nerve III

Back 40

occulomotor controlling superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique

Front 41

Cranial nerve IV

Back 41

trochlear superior oblique

Front 42

Cranial Nerve VI

Back 42

Abducens, lateral rectus

Front 43

What are the three ways to test for EOM?

Back 43

6 cardinal fields of gaze, corneal light reflex aka hirschberg test, and the cover/uncover test

Front 44

fine oscillation movement best seen around the iris when looking in extreme lateral position

Back 44

nystagmus

Front 45

nystagmus can indicate what?

Back 45

thiamin deficiency, brain stem lesion, basal skull fracture
(only if not in extreme lateral position)

Front 46

absent corneal light reflex can be related to what?

Back 46

DM or muscle weakness

Front 47

an abnormal alignment of one eye, eyes do not focus together in this case, can cause dyplopia

Back 47

strabismus

Front 48

diplopia may indicate what?

Back 48

strabismus, HTN, DM, trauma, neurological problems

Front 49

name some abnormalties in using the snellen chart of visual acuity:

Back 49

squinting, leaning, tilting or turning head. all may indicate muscle weakness

Front 50

rosenbaum test, tests what?

Back 50

near vision, for presbyopia

Front 51

hyperopic=

Back 51

farsightedness

Front 52

myopic=

Back 52

nearsightedness

Front 53

ou=

Back 53

both eyes

Front 54

os=

Back 54

left eye

Front 55

od=

Back 55

right eye

Front 56

loss of vision in lateral half of visual field

Back 56

bitemporal hemianopsia

Front 57

loss of vision in medial half of visual field

Back 57

nasal hemianopsia

Front 58

loss of vision in either the lateral or medial half of visual field. (lose both left of both right side of vision)

Back 58

homonymous hemianopsia

Front 59

green light on the ophthalmoscope does what?

Back 59

cancels out redness, helps you see hemorrhages and pallor easier

Front 60

the grid light on the ophthalmoscope does what?

Back 60

locate lesions

Front 61

slit light on the ophthalmoscope is used for what?

Back 61

to see if lesions are raised

Front 62

what is the red reflex?

Back 62

retinal background appears to be bright reddish orange glow and round

Front 63

a person with cataracts will have what kind of red reflex?

Back 63

opaque red reflex

Front 64

a depression in the center of the optic disk, that is lighter in color than the optic disk

Back 64

physiologic cup

Front 65

a normal optic disk would look like what?

Back 65

yellow orange to creamy pink, with round, oval, well defined margins that is 1.5mm symmetrical in both eyes

Front 66

a fuzzy optic disk with irregular shape may indicate what?

Back 66

edema from ICP

Front 67

what is the ratio of arteries to veins in the retina?

Back 67

2 arteries for every 3 veins

Front 68

veins are larger or smaller than arteries in the retinal background?

Back 68

larger

Front 69

in the retina when the artery looks like it is cutting through the vein/ crosses over one another, this is called what?

Back 69

nicking or pinching

Front 70

in senile macular degeneration, what do you see in the macula?

Back 70

exudate

Front 71

part of the eye that is responsible for central vision

Back 71

macula

Front 72

This should be looked at last when examining the internal eye structures

Back 72

macula and fovea centralis

Front 73

OA are more prone to eye problems because of?

Back 73

the narrowing of eye vessels, they are more prone to redness, dryness eventually leading to other eye problems such as decreased color perception, cataracts, presbyopia, senile ptosis, macular degeneration, etc

Front 74

ringing of ears

Back 74

tinnitus

Front 75

pain on mastoid bone may indicate what?

Back 75

inner ear infection

Front 76

a possible normal variation, a bump on the external ear, is called what?

Back 76

Darwin's tuberacle

Front 77

pain, warmth, and or redness of the outter ear also known as swimmer's ear is what?

Back 77

otitis externa

with this do not touch mastoid or tragus

Front 78

when using the otoscope, what should you do before insertion and why?

Back 78

inspect the ear both inner and outer ear to see if there are any contraindications: such as if canal is red and swollen/tender or narrow. any protrusions or drainage

Front 79

pull ear out, down and back for patients who are?

Back 79

less the 3 years of age

Front 80

what are cerumen?

Back 80

ear wax

Front 81

what are the variations on cerumen?

Back 81

dry or wet.
dry-grey to amber black, flaky, and can form thin mass in ear canal
wet-honey brown to dark brown

Front 82

the cone of light reflex will be absent under what condition?

Back 82

absent with otitis media due to the bulging of the tympanic membrane

Front 83

where should you see the cone of light reflex in the right and left ear?

Back 83

1700 on the right and 1900 on the left

Front 84

the tympanic membrane should be what color?

Back 84

slightly concave shiny translucent pearly gray

Front 85

dark oval areas with perforations in the ear can be indicators of what?

Back 85

pressure behind TM related to infection

Front 86

when the tympanic membrane is bulging laterally what does this indicate?

Back 86

fluid pushing behind it

Front 87

hearing loss due to age

Back 87

presbycusis

Front 88

Tympanic membrane variations in older adults include what?

Back 88

dull and appear retracted, they are retracted and appear whiter

Front 89

older adults are more prone to what type of hearing loss?

Back 89

high tone hearing loss

Front 90

Name 3 auditory acuity tests

Back 90

whisper test, weber test for bone conduction, and rhinne test for air conduction

Front 91

how would you perform the whisper test?

Back 91

:push on tragus of one ear, :stand laterally behind pt about 1 to 2 inches away from ear, :whisper a 2 syllable word, and have them repeat it.
:Repeat steps for opposite ear with a new word.
: If there are problems proceed to other tests

Front 92

how would you perform the weber test?

Back 92

:using a tuning fork, tap it and place it on midline of skull.
:ask pt if they can hear the sounds equally in both ears

Front 93

with sensorineural/perceptive loss what ear is not able to perceive sound?

Back 93

the poor ear is not able to perceive sound, so sound lateralizes the the unaffected better ear

Front 94

with conductive hearing loss, sound lateralizes to what ear?

Back 94

sound lateralizes to the poorer ear and masks the hearing in the normal ear

Front 95

how would you perform the rhinne test?

Back 95

: tap tuning fork once and place on the mastoid bone.
: tell pt to note when they no longer hear it.
; then place it next to ear
: tell pt to note when they no longer hear the vibrations.
the normal is to hear 2x as long by air than by bone.
Also time the test

Front 96

what are the two types of hearing loss?

Back 96

conductive loss and perceptive/sensorineural loss

Front 97

problem with the middle ear causing hearing loss, tested through the bone

Back 97

conductive hearing loss

Front 98

problem with inner ear or nerve damage causing hearing loss, and is tested through the air

Back 98

perceptive/sensorineural loss

Front 99

epistaxis is what?

Back 99

nose bleed

Front 100

decreased smell, facial pains, and or headaches can indicate problems in the what?

Back 100

sinuses

Front 101

visible vascularity of the nose can indicate what?

Back 101

alcoholism and hepatic diseases

Front 102

flaring of the nose can indicate?

Back 102

air hunger

Front 103

if mucoid is scant, what does this indicate

Back 103

nothing, its normal

Front 104

if mucoid is thin and clear, what could this indicate?

Back 104

allergy and possible early upper respiratory infections

Front 105

if mucoid is green or yellow i may indicate?

Back 105

infection

Front 106

if mucoid is purulent and stinks, it indicates that....

Back 106

there is an upper respiratory infection and sinus infection, also can be from trauma

Front 107

how far should you insert the otoscope or rhinoscope into the nose?

Back 107

1 cm

Front 108

pt with allergies, their mucous membranes in the nose are usually what?

Back 108

pale swollen gray

Front 109

when palpating the sinuses, what are the only ones we can access?

Back 109

frontal and maxillary sinuses

Front 110

when percussing for pain or tenderness, what method is used?

Back 110

direct method

Front 111

what sinuses are present at birth?

Back 111

maxillary and ethmoid

Front 112

when trans-illuminating, what are you looking for?

Back 112

looking to see if sinuses are filled with fluid. It will appear as a dark spot if it is filled with fluid and will appear as clear with a glow

Front 113

lesions and or cracks in lips may indicate what?

Back 113

vitamin deficiencies and or dehydrations

Front 114

duct that drains saliva from parotid gland, small protrusion near upper molars

Back 114

stenson's duct

Front 115

a condition where there are thickened white patchy areas on the mucosa in the mouth, could be an indicator of oral cancer

Back 115

leukoplakia

Front 116

attrition means?

Back 116

missing tooth

Front 117

if mouth mucousa appears to be swollen smooth with yellow coating, this could indicate what?

Back 117

yeast infection aka thrush

Front 118

uvula deviation could indicate?

Back 118

nerve damage

Front 119

when pt is saying ahhh, what happens?

Back 119

soft palate should rise symmetrically with uvula

Front 120

exostosis means?

Back 120

thickening of bone

Front 121

torus palantinus is?

Back 121

exostosis found on roof of mouth

Front 122

a +3 in grading tonsils means?

Back 122

tonsils are almost touching or touch uvula

Front 123

a +4 in grading tonsils means?

Back 123

tonsils meet in the middle behind the uvula

Front 124

deciduous teeth should be presented by?

Back 124

3 mo.

Front 125

yellow, green colored sputum could mean what type of respiratory problem/disease?

Back 125

bacterial infection/ green pseudomonas

Front 126

rust, blood tinged colored sputum could mean what type of respiratory problem/disease?

Back 126

tuberculosis, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction

Front 127

black colored sputum could mean?

Back 127

black lung disease, (coal)

Front 128

pink froth think copious sputum could indicate what?

Back 128

pulmonary edema

Front 129

blood in sputum

Back 129

hemoptysis

Front 130

DOE stands for?

Back 130

dyspnea on exertion

Front 131

what is orthopnea?

Back 131

is a type of dyspnea where it is difficult to breathe in a lying down position; must sit for lungs to expand

Front 132

a type of dyspnea that increases when sitting upright

Back 132

platypnea

Front 133

a type of dyspnea that onsets at night, after a period of lying down

Back 133

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Front 134

what rib is at the angle of louis?

Back 134

rib 2

Front 135

the right lung is shorter than the left because?

Back 135

of the underlying liver

Front 136

the left lung is narrower than the right lung because?

Back 136

the hear bulges to the left

Front 137

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Back 137

3 lobes

Front 138

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Back 138

2 lobes

Front 139

normal respiration rate is between

Back 139

12-20 a min

Front 140

tachypnea

Back 140

greater than 20

Front 141

bradypnea

Back 141

less than 12

Front 142

rate of respiration where there is a gradual increase in rate and depth, then decrease in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea

Back 142

cheyne stokes respiration

Front 143

cheyne stokes respiration is most likely seen in patients with

Back 143

an overdose, traumatic brain injury, stroke

Front 144

A/P lateral ratio should be?

Back 144

1:2 for normal adult

Front 145

A/P lateral ratio is

Back 145

width of chest (across) is twice as much as chest from front to back

Front 146

protrusion of the sternum, chest points out, lungs cannot expand fully, organs are crowded in the chest related to trauma or genetics

Back 146

pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)

Front 147

pectus excavatum is

Back 147

depressed, caved in sternum, aka funnel chest. less room in chest for pt to breathe, no room for lung expansion can be caused by traum or congenital malformation

Front 148

unilateral trauma can be seen in pt with

Back 148

pneumothorax, hemothorax, atelectasis

Front 149

a bent stooped posture/ exaggerated posterior curvature, lungs are crowded, not expanding fully. It is caused by osteoporosis

Back 149

kyphosis

Front 150

rupture of lung with no apparent reason

Back 150

spontaneous pneumothorax

Front 151

s curved back, organs are crowded and twisted due to this condition

Back 151

scoliosis

Front 152

tracheal deviation where it is pulled towards affected side

Back 152

atelectasis

Front 153

tracheal deviation where it is pushed away from the unaffected side

Back 153

pneumo or hemothorax

Front 154

hyperventilation seen in people with CNS disorders, DKA, post exercise, OD on aspirin

Back 154

kussmaul's respirations

Front 155

what can cause cheyne stokes respiration?

Back 155

increase intracranial pressure, renal failure, meningitis, OD on drugs, severe heart failure

Front 156

reduced rate and depth of breathing that causes an increase in CO2

Back 156

hypoventilation

Front 157

increased rate and depth of breathing that causes a decrease in CO2

Back 157

hyperventilation

Front 158

hyperventilation can be seen in pts with

Back 158

asthma, metabolic acidosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, anxiety, fear, exertion, hepatic coma

Front 159

if diaphragmatic excursion is less than 3 cm, what could this indicate?

Back 159

ascites, pleural effusion, trauma,

Front 160

describe diaphragmatic exursion.

Back 160

:have patient sitting up straight
:exhale and hold
:percuss down midscapular line starting at the tip of the scapula
:mark a line on dull area
: repeat procedure again but second time have patient inhale and hold
:compare the distance btw the two lines.

Front 161

describe thoracic expansion

Back 161

: place hands on posterolateral chest wall with your thumbs at the level of T9-10.
: tell the pt to take inhale and exhale deeply
: note movement of your thumbs
:do the same anteriorly but with your thumbs pointing towards the xyphoid process

Front 162

where should tactile fremitus be the most intense?

Back 162

2nd ICS

Front 163

when performing the tactile fremitus test, what side of the hand do you use?

Back 163

palmar base of fingers and palmar surface of the hands

Front 164

a decrease in tactile fremitus at the 2nd intercostal space may indicate problems due to

Back 164

pneumonia, hemothorax/pneumothorax, edema, obstruction, pleural effusion

Front 165

an increase in tactile fremitus could be due to

Back 165

consolidation of lung tissue, anything solid, pneumonia with consolidation, tumors, solid blood clots

Front 166

in pulmonary fibrosis, the tracheal is pulled to what side?

Back 166

the afftected side

Front 167

air beads under subcutaneous layer of the skin, feels like bubble paper

Back 167

crepitations aka subcutaneous emphysema

Front 168

hyperresonance in lungs could mean

Back 168

overfilled with air, could be due to chronic asthma, atelectasis, pneumothorax, emphysema

Front 169

resonance to dullness in the lungs could be due to

Back 169

fluids: pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion

solids: tumor, tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis

Front 170

3 types of normal breath sounds

Back 170

vesicular, bronchial, and bronchovesicular

Front 171

soft, rustling, low pitch breath sound, inspiration greater than expiration

Back 171

vesicular

Front 172

loud, harsh, hollow tubular, high pitched breath sound, expiration greater than in inspiration

Back 172

bronchial

Front 173

breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields, back, and clavicle

Back 173

vesicular

Front 174

breathe sounds heard over trachea, above and below clavicle

Back 174

bronchial

Front 175

breath sounds heard over mainstem bronchus, between scapulae especially on Right side, and around upper sternum in 1st and 2nd ICS

Back 175

bronchovesicular