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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amplification
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Adding a species to a community increases the total abundance of hosts for a pathogen, increasing the disease risk to the target host.
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Antibiotic
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A chemical substance that kills or suppresses the growth of microorganisms
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Antibiotic resistance
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The ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic.
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Attenuated
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Reducing the virulence of an organism, usually a virus, whilst keeping it viable
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BCG
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a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis.
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Amplification
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Adding a species to a community increases the total abundance of hosts for a pathogen, increasing the disease risk to the target host.
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Antibiotic
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A chemical substance that kills or suppresses the growth of microorganisms
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Antibiotic resistance
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The ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic.
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Attenuated
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Reducing the virulence of an organism, usually a virus, whilst keeping it viable
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BCG
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a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis.
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Beta
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Infection rate in the SIR model
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beta-lactam antibiotics
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A broad class of antibiotics which include penicillin and its derivatives. They are the most widely used group of antibiotics available
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Black Death (1347-1351)
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One of the most deadly pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by Bubonic Plague.
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Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever
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A zoonotic infectious disease of man caused by a virus and transmitted to man via rodents.
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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The bacterial causative agent of Lyme disease.
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Beta
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Infection rate in the SIR model
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beta-lactam antibiotics
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A broad class of antibiotics which include penicillin and its derivatives. They are the most widely used group of antibiotics available
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Black Death (1347-1351)
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One of the most deadly pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by Bubonic Plague.
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Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever
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A zoonotic infectious disease of man caused by a virus and transmitted to man via rodents.
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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The bacterial causative agent of Lyme disease.
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Beta
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Infection rate in the SIR model
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beta-lactam antibiotics
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A broad class of antibiotics which include penicillin and its derivatives. They are the most widely used group of antibiotics available
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Black Death (1347-1351)
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One of the most deadly pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by Bubonic Plague.
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Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever
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A zoonotic infectious disease of man caused by a virus and transmitted to man via rodents.
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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The bacterial causative agent of Lyme disease.
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Broad Street Outbreak 1854
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The London Cholera outbreak investigated by John Snow that was the first epidemiological investigation
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Buboe
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Infected lymph nodes associated with the bubonic plague.
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Bubonic plague
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A zoonotic disease vectored by fleas. Rodents form the reservoir species.
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Case definition
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A case definition is the method by which public health professionals define who is included as a case.
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Cholera
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An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Transmission to humans occurs through the process of ingesting contaminated water or food
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Cholera 'El Tor'
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El Tor is the name given to a particular strain of the Vibrio cholera bacterium, the causative agent of cholera. It has been the dominant strain in the seventh global pandemic. It was first identified in 1905 at a camp in El-Tor, Egypt. The strain is relatively mild, or at least rarely fatal.
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Chronic Disease
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A disease that is long-lasting or recurrent.
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Clostridium perfringens
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A ubiquitous soil bacteria that can cause a deadly infection known as gas gangrene when it infects wounds.
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Competence (for bacteria)
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The ability of a cell to take up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment.
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Competence (for hosts)
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The efficiency with which a host acquires and spreads a pathogen.
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Conjugation
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The transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact
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Continuous Epidemic
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A continuous epidemic occurs when a group of people is exposed to a single common source of infection at a single place for a continuous time period. There is no significant transmission between individuals. cf. intermittent and point source epidemics.
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Cyst
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A resting or dormant stage in a bacteria.
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Dead end host
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A host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts
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Dilution
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Adding a species to a community decreases the abundance of more competent hosts, decreasing the disease risk to the target host.
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Ecosystem Service
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The quantifiable services that an ecosystem provides to humans.
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Endemic
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The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area.
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Epidemic
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The occurrence in an area of a disease or illness in excess of what may be expected on the basis of past experience for a given population (in the case of a new disease, such as AIDS, any occurrence may be considered "epidemic").
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Epidemic curve
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A histogram that describes an outbreak of disease by plotting the number of cases of a disease by date of onset.
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Epidemiology
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The branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations.
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Epizootic
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The term used for an epidemic that occurs within an animal population.
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Evolution
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A change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next.
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Gas Gangrene
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a deadly bacterial infection usually caused by Clostridium bacteria that produces gas within tissues. Before the invention of antibiotics this was the fate for many soldiers in wartime. Prompt amputation was about the only intervention possible.
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Gamma
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Removal rate in the SIR model.
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Gene
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A unit of heredity.
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Genotype
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A description of the genetic constitution of an individual.
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Germ Theory
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The theory that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Highly controversial when first proposed. cf. miasma theory
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Golden Age of Microbiology (dates vary ~ 1850-1890)
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A period of tremendous advances in microbiology with consequences for epidemiology and public health. Many scientists contributed but Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch made huge contributions.
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Great Stink (1858)
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The Great Stink or The Big Stink was a time in the summer of 1858 during which the smell of untreated sewage almost caused the abandonment of the biggest city in the world.
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Hantavirus 'sin nombre'
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The virus causative agent of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. A zoontic disease with a reservoir in rodent species.
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Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
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A deadly disease transmitted to humans by infected rodents through urine, droppings, or saliva. Humans can contract the disease when they breathe in aerosolized virus. Although rare it has a high mortality rate.
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Herd Immunity
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A type of community protection from disease that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of the population (or herd) provides protection to unvaccinated individuals by making it less likely that any infected individual will contact a susceptible individual and thus pass on the disease
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HPV (Human papillomavirus)
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A diverse group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals
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Immunity
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Having sufficient biological defenses to avoid a specific disease.
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Immunization
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The process of rendering an individual protected (immune) against a certain disease. Vaccination is a way to produce immunization
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Immunocompromised
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Individuals whose immune system is weakened by any of a number of factors including disease (eg AIDS), disease treatment (eg chemotherapy or immune suppressant drugs given to transplant patients) or stress or immaturity (newborns are highly susceptible to many diseases).
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Incidence
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The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a given population over a certain period of time
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Incubation period
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The incubation period is the amount of time between infection with a virus or bacteria to the start of symptoms.
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Infected category
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Individuals in the SIR model who are infected by the disease and are capable of infecting other individuals in the susceptible category
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Index Case
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The index case is the first disease case in an epidemic. Sometimes called ‘patient zero’
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Intermittent Epidemic
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An intermittent epidemic occurs when a group of people is exposed to a single common source of infection at a place that varies in location or in time, or both
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Lyme Disease
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A zoontic disease vectored by ticks. Small mammals are the main reservoir species.
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MDR-TB
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Multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis – any strain of TB that is resistant to both of the two main first line antibiotic drugs.
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Measles
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A viral disease of humans easily transmitted via the respiratory route.
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Miasma Theory
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The theory that diseases were caused by miasma or bad air arising from organic decay, filth, or other conditions of the local environment.
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MMR Vaccine
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A mixture of live but attenuated viruses, administered for immunization against measles, mumps and rubella.
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Mumps
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A viral disease of humans. Prior to the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide, and is still a significant threat to health in the third world.
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Mycobacterium bovis
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The slow-growing bacterium that is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle (known as bovine TB). M. bovis can sometimes jump the species barrier and cause tuberculosis in humans.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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The slow-growing bacterium that is the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans.
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Outbreak
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The appearance of several cases of a disease in an area previously experiencing no, or very few, cases
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Pandemic
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A worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population.
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Pathogen
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A biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.
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Plague of Justinian (541-542)
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The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541–542 AD. It has been speculated that this pandemic was caused by Bubonic plague.
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plasmid
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DNA separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of independent replication
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Pneumonic plague
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A generally fatal form of bubonic plague in which the infecting organisms infect the lungs
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Point Source Epidemic
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A point source epidemic occurs when a group of people is exposed to a single common source of infection at a single place and time.
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Prevalence
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The number of instances of a given disease or other condition in a given population at a designated time
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Propagated Epidemic
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A propagated epidemic occurs when an infection is spread from person to person (either directly or via a vector
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Ro
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The average number of new infections from 1 infected individual in a population of fully susceptible hosts
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R
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The average number of new infections from 1 infected individual in the actual population. R will be less than or equal to Ro
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Recovered or Removed Category
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Individuals in the SIR model who were infected by the disease but are no longer infectious by virtue of their recovery and immunity or death
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Reservoir
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The long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease. The long term host may not get the disease carried by the pathogen or it may be asymptomatic and non-lethal
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R-Plasmid
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A plasmid carrying genes controlling resistance to various drugs.
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Rubella (German Measles)
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A mild viral disease of humans transmitted via the respiratory route.
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Septicimic plague
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A generally fatal form of bubonic plague in which infecting organisms invade the bloodstream
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SIR Model
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A simple model of disease dynamics that tracks the population as it enters and leaves three categories: Susceptible, Infectious and Recovered or Removed
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Susceptible Category
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Individuals in the SIR model who are uninfected by the disease and are capable of becoming infected
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Species richness
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The number of species present within a community.
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Third Cholera Pandemic (1852-1860)
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Included outbreaks in London. The Broad Street outbreak investigated by John Snow was particularly deadly
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Transduction
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The process by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a virus.
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Transformation
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The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA).
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Tuberculosis
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A chronic infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.
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Vaccine
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A preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease.
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Vaccination
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Administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent
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Vancomycin
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An antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.
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Vector
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A living organism that transmits the infectious agent eg. Ticks, fleas and mosquitoes.
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Vibrio Cholera
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The bacterial causative agent of cholera in humans
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Virulence
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From the Latin word virulentus, which means "full of poison." The relative ability of a microbe to cause harm.
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XDR-TB
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Extreme drug resistant TB – any strain of TB that is resistant to both of the two main first line antibiotic drugs AND two more of the second line drugs.
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Yersinia pestis
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The bacterial causative agent of Bubonic Plague. Named in honor of the discoverer Alexandre Yersin and the great pestilence (aka Black Death).
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Zoonoses
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Diseases which occur primarily in animals but may occasionally be transmitted to people eg. Lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever
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