Eemb 22 Midterm 2 Vocab

Front 1

bipedalism

Back 1

standing and walking on two legs

Front 2

hominid

Back 2

humans and extinct humanlike species

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mammal

Back 3

vertebrate that nourishes its young with milk from mammary glands

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marsupial

Back 4

mammals in which young complete development in a pouch on the mother's body

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monotreme

Back 5

egg-laying mammal

Front 6

placental mammal

Back 6

mammal in which young are nourished within the mother's body by way of a placenta

Front 7

primate

Back 7

mammalian group that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

Front 8

australopiths

Back 8

collection of now-extinct hominid lineages, some of which may be ancestral to humans

Front 9

multiregional model

Back 9

model for origin of H. sapiens; human populations in different regions evolved from H. erectus in those regions

Front 10

replacement model

Back 10

model for origin of H. sapiens; humans evolved in Africa, then migrated to different regions and replaced the other hominids that lived there

Front 11

coevolution

Back 11

the joint evolution of two closely interacting species; each species is a selective agent for traits of the other

Front 12

exaptation

Back 12

adaptation of an existing structure for a completely different purpose, a major evolutionary novelty

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extinct

Back 13

refers to a species that has been permanently lost

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macroevolution

Back 14

patterns of evolution that occur above the species level

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mass extinction

Back 15

simultaneous extinction of many lineages

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stasis

Back 16

macroevolutionary pattern in which a lineage persists with little or no change over evolutionary time

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adaptive radiation

Back 17

a burst of genetic divergences from a lineage gives rise to many new species

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key innovation

Back 18

an evolutionary adaptation that gives its bearer the opportunity to exploit a particular environment more efficiently or in a new way

Front 19

allopatric speciation

Back 19

speciation patter in which a physical barrier that separates members of a population ends gene flow between them

Front 20

sympatric speciation

Back 20

pattern in which speciation occurs in the absences of a physical barrier

Front 21

plasmid

Back 21

of a prokaryote, a small ring of nonchromosomal DNA with a few genes

Front 22

prokaryotic conjugation

Back 22

one prokaryotic cell transfers a plasmid to another

Front 23

prokaryotic fission

Back 23

method of asexual reproduction in which one prokaryotic cell divides and forms two identical descendent cells

Front 24

strain

Back 24

a subgroup within a species that has a characteristic trait or traits

Front 25

lysogenic pathway

Back 25

bacteriophage replication pathway in which the virus becomes integrated into the host's chromosome and is passed to its descendants

Front 26

lysis

Back 26

breaking of a cell's plasma membrane; results in death of the cell

Front 27

lytic pathway

Back 27

bacteriophage replication pathway in which the virus replicates in its host and quickly kills it

Front 28

bryophyte

Back 28

member of an early evolving play lineage that does not have vascular tissue; for example, a moss

Front 29

cuticle

Back 29

secreted covering at a body surface

Front 30

gametophyte

Back 30

haploid gamete-forming stage in a plant life cycle

Front 31

lignin

Back 31

material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants

Front 32

phloem

Back 32

vascular tissue that distributes dissolved sugars

Front 33

plant

Back 33

multicelled, photosynthetic organism; develops from an embryo that forms on the parent and is nourished by it

Front 34

sporophyte

Back 34

diploid spore-forming stage in a plant life cycle

Front 35

stomata

Back 35

adjustable pores in a plant cuticle

Front 36

vascular plant

Back 36

a plant that has xylem and phloem

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xylem

Back 37

vascular tissue that distributes water and dissolved mineral ions

Front 38

angiosperms

Back 38

largest seed plant lineage. Its members make flowers and fruits

Front 39

gymnosperms

Back 39

seed plant lineage that does not make flowers or fruit

Front 40

pollen grain

Back 40

male gametophyte of a seed plant

Front 41

seed

Back 41

embryo sporophyte of a seed plant packaged with nutritive tissue inside a protective coat

Front 42

fungus

Back 42

spore-producing heterotroph with cell walls of chitin that feeds by extracellular digestion and absorption

Front 43

hypha

Back 43

a single filament in a fungal mycelium

Front 44

mycelium

Back 44

mass of threadlike filaments (hyphae) that make up the body of a multicelled fungus

Front 45

saprobe

Back 45

organism that feeds on wastes and remains

Front 46

animal

Back 46

a eukaryotic heterotroph that is made up of unwalled cells and develops through a series of stages. Most ingest food, reproduce sexually, and move

Front 47

placozoan

Back 47

structurally simplest animal known, with only four types of cells and a small genome

Front 48

bilateral symmetry

Back 48

having right and left halves with similar parts, and a front and back that differ

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coelom

Back 49

a body cavity with a complete lining of tissue derived from mesoderm

Front 50

invertebrate

Back 50

animal without a backbone

Front 51

pseudocoel

Back 51

body cavity not fully lined with mesoderm

Front 52

radial symmetry

Back 52

having parts arranged around a central axis, like spokes around a wheel

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segmentation

Back 53

having a body composed of units that repeat along its length

Front 54

tissue

Back 54

one or more types of cells that are organized in a specific patter and that carry out a particular task

Front 55

vertebrate

Back 55

animal with a backbone

Front 56

chordates

Back 56

animal phylum characterized by a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail that extends beyond the anus. Includes invertebrate and a vertebrate groups

Front 57

lancelets

Back 57

invertebrate chordates that have a fishlike shape and retain their defining chordate traits into adulthood

Front 58

notochord

Back 58

stiff rod of connective tissue that runs the length of the body in chordate larvae or embryos

Front 59

tunicates

Back 59

invertebrate chordates that lose their defining chordate traits during the transition to adulthood

Front 60

dermal tissue system

Back 60

tissue system that covers and protects the plant body

Front 61

ground tissue system

Back 61

tissue system that makes up the bulk of the plat body; includes most photosynthetic cells

Front 62

parenchyma

Back 62

simple plant tissue made up of living cells; the main component of the ground tissue system

Front 63

vascular tissue system

Back 63

tissue system that distributes water and nutrients through a plant body

Front 64

collenchyma

Back 64

simple plant tissue composed of living cells with unevenly thickened walls; provides flexible support

Front 65

companion cell

Back 65

in phloem, parenchyma cell that loads sugars into sieve tubes

Front 66

cotyledon

Back 66

seed leaf; part of a flowering plant embryo

Front 67

epidermis

Back 67

outer tissue layer

Front 68

phloem

Back 68

complex vascular tissue that distributes sugars through a plant body

Front 69

sclerenchyma

Back 69

simple plant tissue; dead at maturity, its lignin-reinforced cell walls structurally support plant parts

Front 70

vascular bundle

Back 70

multistranded, sheathed cord of primary xylem and phloem in a stem or leaf