Eemb 22 Midterm 2 Review Sheet

Front 1

steps of the evolutionary process

Back 1

1. Variation
2. Natural Selection
3. Genetic Divergence
4. Reproductive Isolation
5. Speciation

Front 2

adaptation

Back 2

solution to an environmental problem

Front 3

anabolism

Back 3

metabolism; chemical reaction that build up smaller molecules to larger ones

Front 4

anaerobic fermentation

Back 4

in plants, when O2 is not present (produces a little bit of ATP)

Ex. Alcohol production

Front 5

ATP

Back 5

cellular respiration makes energy, the breakdown of glucose produces energy in the form of heat and ATP

Front 6

Cellular Respiration (written definition)

Back 6

the process of converting potential chemical energy (food) into usable biochemical energy

general term for the metabolic process of the breakdown of glucose into its component parts

Front 7

Cellular Respiration (chemical definition)

Back 7

C6 H12 O2 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat E

Front 8

anaerobic respiration

Back 8

in animals, when O2 is not present (produces a little bit of ATP)

Front 9

carbon fixation

Back 9

process of securing carbon from the environment by incorporating it into a stable organic compound; the process of turning a gaseous form into a less volatile form

Front 10

aerobic respiration

Back 10

a breakdown pathway that uses oxygen to extract energy very efficiently from glucose and other carbohydrates

Front 11

catabolism

Back 11

part of metabolism; breaks large chemicals into smaller ones

Front 12

CO2 Regulation Views

Back 12

1. Biochemical view: Atm CO2 is regulated primarily by organisms

2. Geochemical view: Atm CO2 is regulated primarily by the environment

3. Biogeographical view: (most scientists support this) fusion of biochemical view and geochemical view with strong human influence

Front 13

citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)

Back 13

in mitochrondria, aerobic process (requires O2)

produces lots of electrons and ATP

second stage of cellular respiration

produces NADH, FADH2, 2 ATP molecules

Front 14

cuticle

Back 14

the waxy non-cellular material that occurs on the epidermis of a leaf and helps conserve water

Front 15

concentration gradient

Back 15

difference in concentration in adjoining regions of fluids

aka

the differential concentration of a molecule in solution

Front 16

diffusion

Back 16

net movement of molecules of ions from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less so (perfume being smelled from across the room)

Front 17

Gaia hypothesis

Back 17

Lovelock and Margulis

Earth described as a "superorganism"

physical and chemical condition of earth is made fit and comfortable for organisms by organisms themselves

aka, relatively stable climate

process is coined, homeostasis

Front 18

mass extinction

Back 18

irrevocable loss of a species

Front 19

homonid

Back 19

extinct human like species or living human of a lineage starting with the last shared ancestor of apes and humans

Front 20

photosynthesis (written)

Back 20

the process of converting light energy into potential chemical energy

Front 21

photosynthesis (chemical)

Back 21

CO2 + H2O ++ light --> C6 H12 O6 + O2

Front 22

pheromones

Back 22

Four kinds:
1. Deterrents
2. Attractants
3. Suppressants
4. Stimulants

Volatile chemicals (easily vaporized)

Front 23

phloem

Back 23

photosynthate flows through

Front 24

secondary metabolism

Back 24

reduces secondary metabolites

Front 25

primary metabolism

Back 25

photosynthesis; cellular respiration

Front 26

pigment

Back 26

molecules that capture light

Front 27

mesophyll

Back 27

where photosynthesis takes place
- 2 types of cells:
palisade cells
spongy mesophyll
- vascular bundles (xylem)