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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acid rain
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rainfall with acidic pollutants
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abiotic components
biotic components interaction |
non-living chemical and physical factors (temperature, light, nutrients, water)
living biological factors (other organisms, competition, predation) organisms are affected by the environment (abiotic) but their presence and activities also change the environment |
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biosphere
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continuous band of water, land, and atmosphere where life on planet earth is found
- 14 mi. thick - 90% of life is found in shallow oceans - realm in which biological evolution occurs |
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ecosystem
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functional and structural unit of biological and physical organization; a community interacting with its environment
comprising the community, together with its physical environment |
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3 major ecosystems
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- Atmosphere (least biodiversity)
- Hydrosphere (most biodiversity) - Lithosphere (intermediate biodiversity) |
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biodiversity
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of a region, the genetic diversity within its species, variety of species, and variety of ecosystems
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biogeography
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study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities
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altruism
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individuals put themselves at risk for benefit of species
DOES make sense in terms of natural selection, not individual survival but group survival |
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reasons for communication
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social interaction
sexual interaction defense interaction |
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biome
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type of ecosystem characterized by its climate and dominant vegetation
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carrying capacity
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the number of individuals that can be supported in an area based on the amount of resources available
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organism
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a single individual of a single species
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population
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individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area
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community
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2 or more populations living in the same geographical area
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learned behavior
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have genetic and environmental components
reception of sign stimuli (cues) leads to variable responses |
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instinctive behavior
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completely genetic
response to sign stimuli (cues) leads to a specific programmed response-- fixed action pattern |
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fixed action pattern
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program of coordinated muscle activity that runs to completion independently of feedback from the environment
basically, the genetic, instinctive response to a stimuli |
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commensalism
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(+,0)
in an interaction of organisms, one species benefits from the association, and the other remains unaffected ex. cockroaches & humans |
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competition
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(-,-)
both species are harmed by the interaction with each other, living together ex. lion & hyena |
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detritivore
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eat dead material
trophic level: primary consumer (2nd level); eats primary consumers -- also primary consumer: decomposers, herbivores |
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principle of competitive exclusion
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(aka. Gause hypothesis)
no 2 species can occupy the same ecological space (niche) simultaneously-- one of the species will go extinct |
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niche
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the sum total of all the ways an organism utilizes the resources of the environment (ecological space)
biological role of an organism in its environment potential space: Earth!! realized space: my apartment in IV |
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food chain
vs. food web |
linear sequence of feeding interactions
multi-linkage feeding interactions (how it works in real world) |
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decomposer
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absorbs/dissolves dead material
trophic level: primary consumer (2nd level); eats primary consumers -- also primary consumer: detritivores, herbivores |
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interspecific
vs. intraspecific |
interspecific:
between different species intraspecific: within a species |
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mutualism
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(+,+)
both species benefit from the association ex. clown fish & anemone; herbivores (zebra) & tick birds |
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parasitism
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(+,-)
one species benefits and the other is harmed in the association ex. human & bot flies or tapeworm |
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primary production
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the energy captured by an ecosystem's producers
primary producers: 1st on trophic levels (autotrophs) |
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trophic levels
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grouping species by functional similarity
defined by the # of steps through which energy passes to reach the organisms in it 1. primary producers (ex. grass) 2. primary consumers (ex. decomposers, herbivores) 3. secondary consumers (ex. mice) 4. tertiary consumers (ex. snake) 5. quaternary consumers (ex. bird) each level consumes all the levels below it -- higher levels survive because they can digest more efficiently |
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pollination
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(how to flower a plant-- pollination or fertilization)
transfer of male part (pollen) to female part (carpel) on the plant - pollen contains the sperm - carpel contains the egg transfer = fertilizing itself Options: 1. Obligate- the plant must pollinate itself 2. facilitative- generally will pollinate itself, but CAN cross pollinate (common in the tropics where plant density is low) 3. Cross Pollinate- only pollinates with other plants |
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fertilization
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(how to flower a plant-- fertilization or pollination)
fusion of egg and sperm, followed by embryonic development |
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Anti-herbivory defenses (so plants don't get eaten!)
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Morphological adaptations (ex. thorns)
Chemical adaptations (ex. toxicity) Physiological adaptations (ex. color changes) |
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predator-prey interaction
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prey enter an environment with resources, thrive, and reproduce
this increase in prey draws predators, who thrive on the prey, reproduce # of prey decreases, less resources for predators, and therefore # of predators decreases less predators helps prey thrive again the cycle! |
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symbiosis
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organisms living together
Four different possible interactions: 1. Mutualism (+,+) 2. Commensalism (+,0) 3. Parasitism (+,-) 4. Competition (-,-) |
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resource partitioning
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in competition, organisms share a particular resource; the individuals who thrive on the extremes survive, and the intermediate resource can then be consumed by a new species immigrating into the area
character displacement |
