Eeb 100 Cumulative Definitions Midterm

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Fitness

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Relative number of gene copies contributed by an individual to the next generation.

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Adaptation (process)

Back 2

Changes caused by natural selection leading to a greater fit between a pop and its environment across generations.

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Adaptation (trait)

Back 3

A trait that confers higher fitness on individuals that have it

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Group Selection

Back 4

The process that occurs when groups differ in their collective attributes and the differences affect the survival of the groups

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Productivity Hypothesis (spiders)

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Converting males into food increases the overall rate of egg production (pop with suicidal males expand and replace populations without suicidal males)

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Reproductive Restraint Hypothesis (spiders)

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Copulatory suicide helps prevent over-pop and local extinction by reducing overall egg fertilization

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Multi-level Selection Theory

Back 7

Selection at the level of the individual prevails usually

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Adaptive Behavior

Back 8

A behavior that increases the fitness of the individual performing it, relative to a nearby individual (bird lays eggs on other nest)

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Maladaptive Behavior

Back 9

A behavior that reduces the fitness of the individual performing it, relative to a nearby individual (bird takes care of other eggs)

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Evolutionary Time Lag

Back 10

Explains variation in animals different behavior

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Infanticide

Back 11

Lion males kill young infants of females in their own group (don't kill their own infants). Do this to get female to ovulate again

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Eusocial

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Species in which colonies contain specialized non-reproductive castes that work for the reproductive members of the group

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Coefficients of relatedness

Back 13

Parents, siblings: .5

Half siblings, aunts, nieces: .25

First Cousins: .125

Unrelated: 0

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Direct Fitness

Back 14

Measure of reproductive success based on individuals and their offspring

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Indirect Fitness (Kin Selection)

Back 15

Measure of genetic success of an altruistic individual

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Inclusive Fitness

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Direct + Indirect Fitness

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When will an allele for altruism become more common?

Back 17

If the indirect fitness gained by the altruist is greater than the direct fitness lost as a result of self-sacrifice

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Descent with Modification for bees: Monogamy and Polyandry

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Ancestral species at the base were monogamous. Polyandry evolved independently among different lineages

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Why would polyandry spread?

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Polyandry may have spread secondarily because of the benefit of high genetic diversity to resistance disease

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Kin Selection and Social Conflict?

Back 20

Kin selection most likely underlies the evolution of eusociality. So Eusocial insects have extreme altruism. Policing happens with insects, sanctions etc.

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What is r?

Back 21

The probability that the homologous alleles in two individuals are identical by descent.

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Hamilton's Rule

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An allele for an altruistic behavior will be favored and spread if Br-Cr > 0

Alruistic behaviors are most likely to spread when costs are low, benefits to recipients are high and participants are closely related.

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Cooperation

Back 23

A and B help each other right now. Both gain direct fitness

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Postponed Cooperation

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A eventually gains access to a resource controlled by B because of it's prior help. Both gain direct fitness

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Reciprocity

Back 25

A helpful action is repaid at a later date by the recipient of assistance. Both gain direct fitness. Problem is that individuals have to protect against takers.

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Maladaptive Altruism

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A sacrifices its lifetime inclusive fitness in order to help B.

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Adaptive Altruism

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The intitial direct fitness sacrifice made by A leads to indirect fitness gains for A

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Spite

Back 28

A reduces its reproductive success in order to harm B. Both lose inclusive fitness

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Deceit and Manipulation

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B exploits or manipulates A in ways that harm A but benefit B. A loses inclusive fitness and B gains inclusive fitness.

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Prisoner's Dilemma

Back 30

Include Picture

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Multiple Interactions

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If two players interact repeatedly, back and forth cooperation adds up and exceeds the short term pay off a single defector. Accumulation of rewards can allow for "forgiveness" of the occasional defection to maintain long-term relationships.

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By-product Hypothesis

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An explanation for a maladaptive or non-adaptive attribute that is said to occur as a by-product of a proximate mechanism that has some other adaptive consequence for individuals.

EX: Perhaps helping occurs simply because it is adaptive foryoung adults to delay their dispersal from their natalterritory.If they stay at home and are exposed to nestlingsBegging behavior of the bird might trigger parental behaviorof the nonbreeding adultExploiting a biases to want to care for one’s own offspringResearch shows that in Mexican jays nonbreeding birds doproduce an increase prolactin as do the parents

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Territory Quality

Back 33

Young birds remain in the natal territory because they can't find an alternative high quality territory. If given option, would they leave? Yes! Birds only help when they have little chance of making direct fitness again by dispersing.

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Highly social vertebrates engage in...

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Facultative Altruism: Altruism that the helper can employ at its discretion, in contrast to obligatory altruism, in which helpers are locked into providing assistance to others.

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According to prisoner dilemma, cooperation...

Back 35

Should not occur, but it does because of reciprocity behavior.

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Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis

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The evolution of signals that happen to activate established sensory systems of signal receivers in ways that elicit responses favorable to the signal sender.

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Prey-Detection Response

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Males (or females) take advantage of a females prey detection response by pretending to be food and inseminating the females when they attack.

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Sensory Bias

Back 38

Think of orange guppies... evolved from stimuli of foraging

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Why may artificial signals elicit a response?

Back 39

Ancestors of the tested species used similar signals during courtship in the past and today's descendants retained the sensory preference.

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Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis

Back 40

Evolution of signals that happen to activate established sensory systems of signal receivers in ways that elicit response favorable to the signal sender. Natural selection doesn't start from scratch but works on what already exists.

Front 41

Panda Principle

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Principle of imperfection where things don't have to be perfect to exist, they just need to be good enough to maintain the niche.

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Parthenogenesis

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Asexual females that reproduce display male-like sexual behavior that they probably evolved out of

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Adaptationist Hypothesis

Back 43

Given trait enables an individual to propogate more effectively

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Submission Hypothesis

Back 44

Pseudo-penile display is most likely initiated by subordinates to show submission to dominant female

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Social Bonding Hypothesis

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Greeting promote the formation of cooperative coalitions within clans. Could also be that females get to be more choosy with who they mate.

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Honest Signals Hypothesis

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Honest signals allow a fellow rival to asses the situation and avoid fights they do not have a good probability of winning. Beneficial for both individuals.

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Mimics and Honest Signals

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If a mimic could easily display threats that donot accurately display their abilities, thennatural selection would favor receivers thatignored the fake signal• Reduces the value of producing them• This would favor honest signals that couldnot be devalued by deceitful signalers• Signals should be easy for large males anddifficult for small or weak males to imitate

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Explanations for deception:

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Novel environment theory: The current environment is so different from that in which the behavior evolved that there is insufficient time for an advantageous mutation (usually results from human causes)

Net Benefit Theory: Sensory mechanism that results in loss for some individuals under circumstances overall results in a gain for most individuals. (In fireflies, males that avoid the deceptive female would mate less and be less successful.)

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Illegitimate Signaler

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An individual that produces signals that may deceive others into responding in ways that reduce the fitness of the signal receiver. Reduces the fitness of a species but it doesn't eliminate the fitness benefit. (Deceptive orchid with fly causing it to carry pollen, but he ejaculates too)

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Orchids exploit...

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Pre-existing sensory bias of the flies

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Illegitimate Receivers

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Predators take advantage of signals that are provided by their prey. Think of chirping birds, hawk might overhear them and try to kill them. Birds evolve around this by having different pitch/frequency calls.

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Distraction Hypothesis

Back 52

Animals assault predators to protect their young. Fitness Cost: Expenditure of energy

Fitness Benefit: Social harassment protects their eggs and chicks

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How to adaptations occur?

Back 53

Wait for a mutation to occur and it must be moreeffective than the alternative

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High Nesting Gulls...

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Don't mob, lost mobbing behavior

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Convergent Evolution

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The independent acquisition over time through natural selection of similar characteristics in two or more unrelated species (maybe had similar environments)

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Divergent Evolution

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Evolution by natural selection of differences between closely related species that live in different environments and are therefore subject to different selection pressures.

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Dilution Effect

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Safety in numbers that comes from swamping the ability of local predators to consume prey.

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Social Mutant

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All individuals dwell apart, but one keeps close to others. Good for using as living shield but makes them more noticeable.

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Selfish Herd

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All herd together even though they'd be safer if the could spread out. Fight for safest position

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Game Theory

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Decision making is treatedas a game. Under one scenario onestrategy works well, but an individual maycome up short when matched againstanother individual using another strategy Treat individuals as participants in acontest in which the success of one isdependent on what its rivals are doing

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Cryptic Behavior

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Moths strategically hide to avoid being seen

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Conspicuous Behavior

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Make yourself known by hissing, opening wings, showing thorns

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Deceptive Hypothesis

Back 63

Flies mimic spider appearance

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Why advertise abilities?

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To show you are active and can fight back/run (honest signal)

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Optimality Theory

Back 65

An evolutionary theory based on the assumption that the attributes of organisms are optimal, that is, better than others in terms of the ratio of fitness benefits to costs. The theory is used to generate hypothesis about the possible adaptive value of traits in terms of the net fitness gained by individuals that exhibit these attributes. (Optimal group sizes, optimal foraging strategies etc)

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Key assumption of optimality model?

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More energy from foraging activity translates to achieving maximum reproductive success

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Animals sacrifice caloric...

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Short term caloric for long term survival

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Dugongs, deer..

Back 68

alter tactics when they sense predators

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Frequency-dependent selection

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Occurs when the fitness of one strategy is a function of the frequency of the other. The the fitness of one type of behavior increases as it becomes rarer. Ex: Right/left jaw fish. Should oscillate around point

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Conditional Strategy

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Inherited mechanism that give the individual the ability to alter its behavior in light of conditions it confronts

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How do individuals distribute themselves?

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Individuals distribute themselves spatially in terms of fitness gains where individuals are free to migrate. If ideal habitat becomes too crowded and too much competition, secondary provides higher fitness

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Ideal Free Distribution Theory

Back 72

Theory that assumes:

1. Habitat suitability decreases as the density of individuals increases

2. All individuals settle in the habitat most suitable to them "ideal"

3. All individuals within a habitat have identical expected fitness "free"

*Theory requires that individuals are able to move around and evaluate the quality of habitat

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Territoriality costs and benefits

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Benefits: New resources, spacing benefits

Costs: Time, energy, risk of injury

Front 74

War of Attrition

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When the winner can outlast the loser in ability to continuously fly on energy reserves

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Asymetry Hypothesis

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Two individuals value a resource differently. A resident might derive greater payoff from maintaining resource

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Dear Enemy Effect

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Once neighbors learn who is who, fighting reduces

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Why do males leave more than females?

Back 77

To reproduce

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Short Distance vs Long Distance migration; which came first?

Back 78

Short Distance

Front 79

Does body condition affect migration?

Back 79

Yesh. Smaller birds go by land, bigger birds go by sea.

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Does habitat quality correlate with survival?

Back 80

Yesh

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Two Strategy Hypothesis

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Migratory behavior is one strategy. Non-migratory behavior is another strategy. Individuals of the two types should enjoy equal fitness on average if both strategies co-exist.

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Flexibility in behavior indicates....

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Trait is not hereditary. Flexibility depends on social status

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Multi-Strategy Hypothesis

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Animals achieve the same fitness by adopting the optimal migration patterns for their breeding site