Edward

Front 1

EDWARD SEYMOUR'S POSITION

Back 1

Previously Lord High Admiral and Lieutenant-General of the North, in Edward's reign he made himself Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector, taking charge of the regency council

Front 2

VIEWS ON SOMERSET

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Originally portrayed the Good Duke and friend to the poor, recent historians have reassessed this and realised he made poor decisions and the country reached crisis by 1549

Front 3

PROBLEMS IN SCOTLAND THAT SOMERSET FACED

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Henry had started war with Scotland, £2 million had been spent with no result, should Somerset continue this to achieve success? Key nobles had put a lot of men and money into the fight and were keen to resume war for fame and prestige. The expense of the war would prove too much and France might intervene

Front 4

RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS

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Reformists dominated the council and pressured for a protestant England. There was a minority of those who wanted extreme reform, especially in London. If Somerset chose a protestant swing, would the catholic majority spread? And would this trigger other catholic powers to turn on England when they're already at war with France and Scotland

Front 5

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

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There was popular discontent over enclosure and inflation, economic changes needed to be made. Enclosure laws would please the poor but anger the rich, particularly the gentry and raising taxes would cause a rebellion. The coinage was debased and people felt poverty with bad harvests, Henry used all money on war and crown land had been sold.

Front 6

SOMERSET'S RELIGIOUS INTENTIONS

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He was a protestant but wanted a more moderate reform. However, protestant exiles returned to England and created friction in the towns. The reformers had control of the government. Relax on censorship led to a massive increase in protestant literature, exposing England to Luther and Calvin.

Front 7

HIS FIRST STEPS IN RELIGION

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To delay any decisions, he launched a national enquiry into parishes and repealed the six articles with The Treason Act, reinforcing the English bible. In 1547, he created the Chantries Act, a catholic practice but may have been due to lack of money. He also issues royal injunctions the same year, which were radical in nature

Front 8

ACT OF UNIFORMITY

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1549, imposed a single form of worship to end religious confusion. The Eucharist was protestant and the elements of religion were to be in English. However, some elements remained catholic in ceremony and vestments.

Front 9

FIRST PRAYER BOOK

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1549, introduced by Cranmer, it remained vague and moderate, claiming the real presence of Christ was there during communion, but also that the Priest simply commemorated this, pleasing protestants. This triggered the Western rebellion.

Front 10

HOW DID SOMERSET RETAIN CONTROL?

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Appointed Sir Thomas Smith, a key supporter, into the council and Michael Stanhope as Chief Gentleman. The council hated Somerset and he arrested the Earl of Southampton for this and his own brother, Thomas, was executed for trying to remove him as protectorate.

Front 11

SECOND ACT OF UNIFORMITY

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1552, which reinforced the second prayer book, which was also more radical.

Front 12

FORTY TWO ARTICLES

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1553

Front 13

ISSUES WITH SOMERSET'S RELIGIOUS CHANGE

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More radical approaches applied to the vague prayer book in some areas, it wasn't uniform across the country

Front 14

ICONOCLASM

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Started in 1547 after the denunciation of images in London. This reflected radical views in church men, especially Ridley.

Front 15

FEATURES OF INJUNCTIONS

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Attacked catholic traditions like lights, images, stained glass, ash wednesday, candlemas and Palm sunday

Front 16

RELIGIOUS INTENTIONS FROM NORTHUMBERLAND

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Wanted a continued Protestantism and wanted to get more church wealth. Moderate reform was lost because Cranmer issued a more radical prayer book, there were more radical clergy like Hooper and Ridley, continental reformers like Bucer and Martyr move to England and Zwinglian ideas were introduced. Edward was becoming more involved as a radical protestant.

Front 17

CHANGES IN THE SECOND PRAYER BOOK

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Conservative ceremonies removed, rewriting of baptism and burial services, radical change in communion service which was more Zwinglian, ban of Popish vestments and restricted church music.

Front 18

WILLS

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People less likely to leave money to the church. Also church attendance decreased

Front 19

REMOVAL OF CHURCH PLATE

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Started in 1553 and forced the church to sell their treasures before they were taken by the crown. Duffy claims this was a 'climate of discontent and disobedience.' During this time Hooper admitted lack of public co-operation was effecting the changes.

Front 20

FOREIGN POLICY UNDER SOMERSET

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Henry had wanted Edward to be married to Mary, Queen of Scots, which was rejected by Scotland. Somerset tried to create alliance with France but Francis I died and France sent 4000 troops to Scotland. Somerset intervened and won the battle of Pinkie, but we weren't strong enough to hold Scotland. Mary was moved to France to marry Francis II. Somerset spent £600,000 in Scotland for failure and had to withdraw against rebellion in England.

Front 21

ECONOMIC POLICY UNDER SOMERSET

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Launched an investigation on enclosures as the poor had lost their land and expected commissioners could help. The gentry were angered at this and by new laws in 1548 to raise the tax on sheep and cloth. Neither the rich or poor obtained what they wanted. He did little to make changes on the problems of inflation, harvests and high demands.

Front 22

WESTERN REBELLION

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Triggered by religious change, the increase in land given to the rich which was monastic, inflation and population increase and enclosure. Mobs tore down fences in enclosed land but the rebels demanded catholic doctrines restored, a ban on the English bible. Somerset had difficulty responding as his troops were in Scottish garrisons.

Front 23

KETT'S REBELLION

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Triggered by bad harvests and rapid price rise and governmental failures. But there was some suggestion of the rebels being protestant, however, enclosure seemed to be the main reason. They wanted to improve local government and better clergymen. Somerset didn't deal with it properly and it ended with 4000 dead.

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NORTHUMBERLAND'S FOREIGN POLICY

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He wanted to reduce expenditure and ended the wars. He returned Boulogne, this helped with finance but may have seemed a loss of prestige. France paid £133,333 to recover it. Finances were also returned with the end of upholding Scottish garrisons

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ECONOMIC CHANGES UNDER NORTHUMBERLAND

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Bought an end to wars and received money on France. He attempted debasement but abandoned it. Finances increased and church revenue went to the crown. He created a commission on financial administration and this helped Mary to achieve economic reform.

Front 26

DEVYSE

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Edward wanted a protestant to access the throne and placed Lady Jane Grey instead. He declared Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate but Edward died before it was passed through parliament and thus it wasn't legal. Northumberland had no back up and Mary became Queen.