Eduf 6116 Terms Chapters 1-10

Front 1

hypothesis

Back 1

an explanation for the occurrence of certain behaviors, phenomena or events

Front 2

quantitative research

Back 2

collection and analysis of numerical data

Front 3

qualitative research

Back 3

collection, analysis and interpretation of comprehensive narrative and visual data to gain insight into a phenomenon of interest

Front 4

survey research

Back 4

to describe current conditions; collect data through questionnaires, interviews, observations (quantitative)

Front 5

correlational research

Back 5

investigate relationship between x and y (2+ variables, one group) and the degree of the relationship (quantitative)

Front 6

correlation

Back 6

quantitative measure of the degree of correspondence (from -1.0 to +1.0)

Front 7

causal-comparative research

Back 7

attempts to determine the reason for existing differences (quantitative)

Front 8

grouping variable

Back 8

independent variable in causal-comparative research, the reason for the differences between groups. Not a treatment.

Front 9

dependent variable

Back 9

the change, or effect that is the result of the cause

Front 10

experimental research

Back 10

best type of research to determine cause/effect. One or more variables is manipulated and others controlled for, then observe the effect on the dependent variable.

Front 11

generalizability

Back 11

the degree to which research can be applied to different populations (different settings and contexts)

Front 12

independent variable

Back 12

a behavior or characteristic under the control of the researcher and believed to influence some other behavior or characteristic

Front 13

sample

Back 13

the individuals selected from a population for a study

Front 14

narrative research

Back 14

studies how people experience the world around them. typically focuses on one person.

Front 15

ethnographic research

Back 15

study of cultural patterns and perspectives of people in their natural setting.

Front 16

case study research

Back 16

qualitative approach to research on a bounded system.

Front 17

basic research

Back 17

research conducted for the purpose of developing or refining a theory

Front 18

applied research

Back 18

research to solve practical educational problems. apply or test a theory to determine its usefulness in practical problems.

Front 19

evaluation research

Back 19

research designed to monitor progress and make decisions

Front 20

research and development

Back 20

process of researching needs and developing products to fulfill those needs. purpose is to develop effective products.

Front 21

action research

Back 21

any systematic inquiry conducted for the purpose of solving everyday problems in their own setting

Front 22

National Research Act of 1974

Back 22

legislation that governs experiments with people in a controlled environment. mandates review and approval by an authorized group

Front 23

informed consent

Back 23

research participants must freely agree to participate and understand the nature of the study and any possible dangers

Front 24

The Family Educational Rights & Privacy Act of 1974

Back 24

the act that says data that identifies a student by name may not be disclosed without their permission (Buckley Amendment)

Front 25

research topic, question, problem or purpose

Back 25

statement in a research plan or report that describes the variables of interest to the researcher, the specific relation among those variables, and ideally, important characteristics of the study participants

Front 26

replication

Back 26

repetition of a study using different subjects

Front 27

hypothesis

Back 27

researcher's prediction of the research findings

Front 28

nondirectional hypothesis

Back 28

a research hypothesis that states simply that a relation or difference exists between variables

Front 29

directional hypothesis

Back 29

a research hypothesis that states the expected direction of the relation or difference between variables

Front 30

null hypothesis

Back 30

a hypothesis stating that there is no relation (or difference) between variables and that any relation/difference found will be due to chance (i.e. the result of sampling error)

Front 31

review of related literature

Back 31

the written component of a research plan or report that discusses the analysis of documents related to a research problem

Front 32

secondary source

Back 32

a brief description of a study written by someone other than the original researcher

Front 33

primary source

Back 33

an article or report written by the person who conducted the study

Front 34

meta-analysis

Back 34

a statistical approach to summarizing the results of many quantitative studies that have investigated basically the same problem.

Front 35

research plan

Back 35

a detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

Front 36

population

Back 36

the larger group from which a sample is selected or the group the researcher would like to generalize the results of a study

Front 37

design

Back 37

a general strategy or plan for conducting a research study; indicates the basic structure and goals of the study.

Front 38

assumption

Back 38

an assertion presumed to be true, but not verified

Front 39

limitation

Back 39

some aspect the researcher cannot control but believes may negatively affect the results of the study.

Front 40

pilot study

Back 40

small-scale study conducted to help refine planned procedures

Front 41

generalizability

Back 41

the applicability of research findings to settings and contexts different from the one in which they were obtained.

Front 42

probability sampling

Back 42

the likelihood that each member of a defined population will be selected for the sample (quantitative)

Front 43

simple random sample

Back 43

each person in population has an independent and equal chance of being selected

Front 44

stratified sample

Back 44

a random sample from each population subgroup to guarantee representation of relevant subgroups.

Front 45

cluster sample

Back 45

intact groups are randomly selected. has a greater chance of a non-representative sample.

Front 46

systematic sampling

Back 46

every kth individual is selected from a randomized list

Front 47

sample size

Back 47

how many participants are in a study

Front 48

sampling error

Back 48

the expected chance variation in variables that occurs when a sample is selected from a population. this is beyond the control of the researcher.

Front 49

sampling bias

Back 49

systematic sampling error in quantitative studies. generally the fault of the researcher

Front 50

nonprobability sampling

Back 50

non-random sampling techniques: convenience; purposive; quota

Front 51

convenience sampling

Back 51

sample of whoever happens to be available

Front 52

purposive sampling

Back 52

sampling of whoever is believed to be representative of the population

Front 53

quota sampling

Back 53

sample that is selected based on an exact number of persons of varying characteristics

Front 54

qualitative sampling

Back 54

selecting a small number of individuals for a study in such a way they will be good key informants

Front 55

data saturation

Back 55

the point where a redundancy of information is gathered from participants, so additional participants are not needed

Front 56

10%-20% of the population

Back 56

survey sample size

Front 57

30+ persons

Back 57

correlational sample size

Front 58

30+ persons per group

Back 58

causal-comparative sample size

Front 59

30+ person per group

Back 59

experimental research sample size

Front 60

nominal variable

Back 60

categorical variable

Front 61

ordinal variable

Back 61

nominal variable that represents rank order

Front 62

interval variable

Back 62

nominal ordinal variables that are ranked in equal units, but no true zero point

Front 63

ratio variable

Back 63

nominal variable with the ordinal and interval properties but also has a true zero poiint

Front 64

dependent variable

Back 64

the outcome or effect of the independent variable

Front 65

independent variable

Back 65

the treatment or cause in a research study

Front 66

standardized test

Back 66

a test administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way no matter where or when it is used (usually published)

Front 67

norm-referenced test

Back 67

a test that scores performance as compared to others

Front 68

criterion-referenced test

Back 68

a test in which performance is compared to an external standard or pre-established performance levels

Front 69

The Mental Measurements Yearbook

Back 69

provides information and reviews of published tests of various school subject areas, personality, etc.

Front 70

achievement test

Back 70

a test that measures current proficiency on school taught subjects. content oriented

Front 71

diagnostic test

Back 71

a test that yields scores to help identify weak or strong areas within a subject

Front 72

aptitude test

Back 72

a test used to predict how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation. measures potential.

Front 73

Likert scale

Back 73

a questionnaire format that ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree

Front 74

semantic differential scale

Back 74

a questionnaire format that presents a continuum of attitudes representing a score, with neutral equal to zero.

Front 75

personality inventory

Back 75

a questionnaire that includes lists of statements describing human behaviors and participants indicate whether each statement pertains to them.

Front 76

projective tests

Back 76

personality instrument that presents an ambiguous situation and requires the test taker to say how they feel about the situation.

Front 77

validity

Back 77

the most important test characteristic. it represents the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Front 78

content validity

Back 78

the degree to which a test measures an intended content area; it is determined by expert judgment and requires both item validity and sampling validity.

Front 79

criterion-related validity

Back 79

the degree to which performance on a test is related to performance on a different measure; includes concurrent and predictive validity.

Front 80

concurrent validity

Back 80

the degree to which the scores on a test are related to the scores on a similar test given in the same time frame or to some other valid measure available at the same time; a form of criterion-related validity

Front 81

diagnostic test

Back 81

a test that yields scores to help identify weak or strong areas within a subject

Front 82

aptitude test

Back 82

a test used to predict how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation. measures potential.

Front 83

Likert scale

Back 83

a questionnaire format that ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree

Front 84

semantic differential scale

Back 84

a questionnaire format that presents a continuum of attitudes representing a score, with neutral equal to zero.

Front 85

personality inventory

Back 85

a questionnaire that includes lists of statements describing human behaviors and participants indicate whether each statement pertains to them.

Front 86

projective tests

Back 86

personality instrument that presents an ambiguous situation and requires the test taker say how they feel about the situation.

Front 87

validity

Back 87

the most important test characteristic. it represents the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Front 88

content validity

Back 88

the degree to which a test measures an intended content area.

Front 89

criterion-related validity

Back 89

the degree to which performance on a test is related to performance on a different test. includes concurrent and predictive validity

Front 90

concurrent validity

Back 90

the degree to which the scores on a test are related to the scores on a similar test given in the same time frame; a form of criterion-related validity

Front 91

predictive validity

Back 91

the degree to which a test is able to predict how well an individual will do in a future situation; a form of criterion-related validity.

Front 92

construct validity

Back 92

the degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical nonobservable trait that explains behavior

Front 93

reliability

Back 93

the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures.

Front 94

test-retest stability

Back 94

the degree to which the same test given to the same group is consistent over time. determined by correlating the scores from the same test, given more than once.

Front 95

equivalent-forms reliability

Back 95

the degree to which two similar forms of a test produce similar scores from a single group of test takers

Front 96

equivalence and stability reliability

Back 96

the degree to which two forms of a test given at two different times produce similar scores (this is a conservative estimate)

Front 97

split-half reliability

Back 97

divide test in 2 equal halves and correlate them. an approach to obtaining internal consistency.

Front 98

Kurder-Richardson 20 (KR-20)

Back 98

a special case of the Cronbach's alpha general formula for estimating internal consistency based on how all items on a test relate to all other items and to the total test. used for tests that are scored right or wrong.

Front 99

Cronbach's alpha

Back 99

a general formula for estimating internal consistency based on a determination of how all items on a test relate to all other items and to the total test. for tests with more than two choices (agree, neutral, disagree, etc.)

Front 100

KR-21

Back 100

one of the most desirable internal consistency measures that takes less time and gives a more conservative reliability estimate. this formula is more easily computed.

Front 101

interjudge

Back 101

reliability of two or more independent scorers

Front 102

intrajudge

Back 102

reliability of a single individual's ratings over time

Front 103

standard error of measurement

Back 103

an estimate of how often one can expect test score errors of a given size

Front 104

selecting from alternatives

Back 104

the three most important factors to consider in selecting a test are validity, reliability and ease of use.

Front 105

survey research

Back 105

collect research data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions on a topic or issue

Front 106

survey

Back 106

an instrument to collect data that describes one or more characteristics of a specific population

Front 107

cross-sectional survey

Back 107

a survey research design that collects data at one point in time.

Front 108

longitudinal survey

Back 108

a survey research design that collects data at more than one time to measure growth or change

Front 109

questionnaire

Back 109

a written collection of questions to be answered by participants

Front 110

interview

Back 110

an oral, in-person, question-and-answer session between researcher and an individual respondent

Front 111

structured item

Back 111

question that requires respondent to choose among the provided response options

Front 112

unstructured item

Back 112

a free response question

Front 113

correlational research

Back 113

collecting data to determine whether and to what degree a relation exists between two or more variables.

Front 114

common variance

Back 114

"r squared" - the extent to which variables vary in a systematic way. the variation in one variable attributable to its tendency to vary with another variable.

Front 115

statistical significance

Back 115

the probability that the correlation results would have occurred due to chance.

Front 116

Pearson r

Back 116

a correlation measure for continuous data

Front 117

Spearman rho

Back 117

a correlation measure for ordinal or rank data.

Front 118

dichotomy

Back 118

when only two values of a variable are possible

Front 119

artificial dichotomy

Back 119

when a midpoint is defined and subjects are categorized as falling above it or below it. variables that were ordinal, interval, or ratio are turned into nominal variables.

Front 120

linear relationship

Back 120

an increase (or decrese) in one variable is associated with a corresponding increase (or decrease) in another variable.

Front 121

curvilinear relation

Back 121

an increase in one variable is associated with a corresponding increase in another variable up to a point, at which time further increase in the first variable results in a corresonding decrease in the other variable (or vice versa).

Front 122

attenuation

Back 122

reduction in correlation coefficients that tends to occur if the measures have low reliability.

Front 123

predictor

Back 123

the variable used to predict another related variable

Front 124

criterion

Back 124

the complex variable that is predicted

Front 125

shrinkage

Back 125

tendency for the prediction to be less accurate for a group other than the one on which it was originally developed

Front 126

multiple regression equation

Back 126

a prediction equation using two or more variables that individually predict a criterion to make a more accurate prediction.

Front 127

intervening variable

Back 127

a variable (e.g., anxiety) that alters the relation between an independent variable and a dependent variable but that cannot be directly observed or controlled.

Front 128

causal-comparative research

Back 128

researcher attempts to determine the reason for existing differences after the fact.

Front 129

independent variables in causal-comparative studies

Back 129

organismic variables, ability variables, personality variables, family-related variables, school-related variables.

Front 130

pair-wise matching

Back 130

a technique for equating sample groups on one or more variables, resulting in each member of one group having a direct counterpart in another group

Front 131

comparing homogeneous groups or sub-groups

Back 131

form subgroups within each group to represent all levels of the control variable. researcher can examine whether the effect on the dependent variable is different for each subgroup.

Front 132

factorial analysis of variance

Back 132

a statistical technique that tests for an interaction between the independent variable and the control variable

Front 133

analysis of covariance

Back 133

a statistical method that adjusts for initial group differences on variables that increases the power of a statistical test.

Front 134

experimental research

Back 134

the only type of research that can establish a cause-effect relationship.

Front 135

experimental group

Back 135

the group that receives a new or different treatment

Front 136

control group

Back 136

the group that receives a different treatment or is treated "as usual"

Front 137

internal validity

Back 137

the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable

Front 138

external validity

Back 138

the degree to which study results are generalizable to groups and environments outside the experimental setting

Front 139

history

Back 139

threat to internal validity due to an event that occurs during a study

Front 140

maturation

Back 140

threat to internal validity due to changes in participants during a study

Front 141

testing

Back 141

threat to internal validity in which improved performance on a posttest is the result of subjects having taken a pre-test.

Front 142

instrumentation

Back 142

threat to internal validity due to changing the measuring instrument

Front 143

statistical regression

Back 143

threat to internal validity where the highest and lowest scores tend to move toward the mean on re-testing.

Front 144

differential selection of participants

Back 144

threat to internal validity. participants in the experimental and control groups have different characteristics that affect the dependent variable differently.

Front 145

mortality

Back 145

threat to internal validity due to attrition

Front 146

pretest-treatment interaction

Back 146

threat to external validity where the pre-test sentizes participants

Front 147

unobtrusive measures

Back 147

ways to collect data that do not require interaction with research participants

Front 148

multiple-treatment interference

Back 148

threat to external validity wherein prior treatment can affect later treatment

Front 149

specificity of variables

Back 149

threat to external validity due to poorly operationalized variables that limit generalization

Front 150

treatment diffusion

Back 150

threat to external validity wherein treatment groups communicate and adopt pieces of each other's treatment

Front 151

selection-treatment interaction

Back 151

threat to external validity due to non-representative groups being included. the study applies only to the groups involved.

Front 152

experimenter bias effects

Back 152

threat to external validity wherein the researcher's actions affect participant's performance

Front 153

John Henry effect

Back 153

when a competition develops between the treatment and control groups

Front 154

placebo effect

Back 154

any beneficial effect caused by a person's expectations about a treatment rather than the treatment itself.

Front 155

pre-experimental designs

Back 155

designs that should not be used: one-shot case study; one group pretest posttest; static group comparison

Front 156

true experimental designs

Back 156

designs that control for nearly all threats to internal and external validity involving some sort of random assignment to groups and having a control group

Front 157

pretest-posttest control group design

Back 157

R O X1 O
R O X2 O

Front 158

posttest only control group design

Back 158

R X1 O
R X2 O

Front 159

solomon four group dsign

Back 159

R O X1 O
R O X2 O
R X1 O
R X2 O

Front 160

nonequivalent control group design

Back 160

O X1 O
O X2 O

Front 161

quasi-experimental designs

Back 161

two or more groups are pretested, administered a treatment, and posttested. random assignment of intact groups to treatments. use only when not feasible to use a true experimental design.

Front 162

factorial designs

Back 162

experimental design with more than one independent variable, with at least one of them manipulated.

Front 163

List 7 threats to internal validity

Back 163

history; maturation; testing; instrumentation; statistical regression; differential selection of participants; mortality.

Front 164

List 7 threats to external validity

Back 164

pretest-treatment interaction; selection-treatment interaction; multiple-treatment interference; specificity of variables; treatment diffusion; experimenter bias effects; John Henry effects.

Front 165

List 3 pre-experimental designs (bad ones to use)

Back 165

one-shot case study; one-group pretest-posttest design; static-group comparison