Educational Psychology - Cognitive Information Processing

Front 1

________->Storage->Retrieval

Back 1

Encoding

Front 2

What are the two conditions for Encoding?

Back 2

1. Attention
2. Meaningful learning

Front 3

Preschool children focus on _____ aspects rather than the _______

Back 3

Salient, Relevance

Front 4

People can only focus on ____ task

Back 4

one

Front 5

Multitasking is ________ demanding

Back 5

cognitively

Front 6

The most expensive part of multitasking is ______

Back 6

context switching

Front 7

Is multitasking efficient when the task is familiar/predictable?

Back 7

No

Front 8

In a study on laptop use in the classroom which group did worse on the test? Multitaskers or Unitaskers?

Back 8

Multitaskers

Front 9

What are the three teaching strategies to aid Encoding?

Back 9

1. Engage students in the learning process
2. Incorporate variety
3. Reach out

Front 10

Why does note taking aid in attention during a class?

Back 10

Helps encode and organize information.

Front 11

Does note taking help even if notes are not reviewed?

Back 11

Yes

Front 12

What is the difference between rote learning and meaningful learning?

Back 12

Rote learning is learning information without meaning, while meaningful learning is fully understood.

Front 13

What is a learner able to do with meaningful learning, that they aren't able to with rote learning?

Back 13

Relate the facts with other facts

Front 14

What 2 teaching strategies may be employed to aid in meaningful learning?

Back 14

1. Ask students to define a term and provide their own example
2. Ask students to relate information to themselves

Front 15

What effect does prior knowledge have on learning?

Back 15

- Helps make sense of information
- Aids in filing in missing details

Front 16

What was the experiment that tested the effect of prior knowledge?

Back 16

Tested 7th grade students on baseball
-High baseball knowledge/Good reader
-High baseball knowledge/Bad reader
-Low baseball knowledge/Good reader
-Low baseball knowledge/Bad reader

Front 17

What was the effect of the baseball knowledge experiment?

Back 17

Poor readers who knew baseball rememberd more than good readers with little knowledge

Front 18

Can prior knowledge be more important than reading skills?

Back 18

Yes

Front 19

What is advance organization and what are the two types?

Back 19

Advance organization is an introductory statement to introduce a new specific topic.

The two types are expository and comparative.

Front 20

What is expository organization?

Back 20

Provides basic concept at highest level of generalization to provide scaffolding

Front 21

What is comparative organization?

Back 21

Integrates new information into a familiar concept.

Front 22

What is the role of analogy in organization?

Back 22

Can serve as example to provide scaffolding and familiarity

Front 23

What is the context effect?

Back 23

Information is easier to retrieve information if the current context is similar to the one where it was learned

Front 24

Which of Encoding, Storage and Retrieval is Context Effect associated with?

Back 24

Retrieval

Front 25

Attention is associated with {Encoding, Storage, Retrieval}

Back 25

Encoding

Front 26

Prior knowledge is associated with {Encoding, Storage, Retrieval}

Back 26

Storage

Front 27

Meaningful learning is associated with {Encoding, Storage, Retrieval}

Back 27

Encoding

Front 28

Analogy is associated with {Encoding, Storage, Retrieval}

Back 28

Storage

Front 29

What is meta-cognition?

Back 29

Knowledge about our cognitive processes and how they work

Front 30

What are the two aspects of meta-cognition?

Back 30

1. Knowledge
2. Regulation

Front 31

aWhat are the two types of metacognitive knowledge?

Back 31

1. Strategy knowledge
2. Person knowledge

Front 32

What are the three methods of meta-cognitive regulation?

Back 32

1. Planning
2. Monitoring
3. Evaluating

Front 33

What is strategy knowledge?

Back 33

- Knowledge about learning strategies, and when and how to apply them

Front 34

Why would you use the Skim strategy?

Back 34

To provide a conceptual overview

Front 35

When would you use the Skim strategy?

Back 35

Prior to reading a text

Front 36

Why would one use the Slow Down strategy?

Back 36

To enhance attention

Front 37

Why would one use the Activate Prior Knowledge strategy?

Back 37

To make new information easier to learn?

Front 38

When would one use the Slow Down strategy?

Back 38

The presence of important information

Front 39

When would one use the Activate Prior Knowledge strategy?

Back 39

In an unfamiliar task

Front 40

What experiment tested the importance of strategy knowledge?

Back 40

Tested children with varying aptitude levels and meta-cognitive awareness

Front 41

What was the result of the strategy knowledge study?

Back 41

-Meta-cognitive awareness can compensate for overall ability

Front 42

Which is a better performance for predicted performance?
- Meta-cognitve ability
- Aptitude

Back 42

Meta-cognitive ability

Front 43

What is Person Knowledge?

Back 43

The understanding of one's own abilities or skills?

Front 44

Give an example of Person Knowledge

Back 44

"I am poor at sticking to plans and self-control"

Front 45

Person knowledge leads to: (2 things)

Back 45

- Higher performance
- Accurate evaluation of your skills

Front 46

Those who did poorly on a test do not successfully distinguish ______________.

Back 46

Those who did poorly on a test do not successfully distinguish which questions they got right or wrong.

Front 47

Poor readers are less accurate than more competent readers in ________________.

Back 47

Poor readers are less accurate than more competent readers in judging what they comprehend from text.

Front 48

What strategies can lead be used to improve person knowledge?

Back 48

-Evaluate the accuracy of one's responses
-Produce correct responses

Front 49

What are two elements of planning for meta-cognitive regulation?

Back 49

- Decide how much time to give a task
- What to skim and what to give intense attention to

Front 50

What is Monitoring in meta-cognitive regulation?

Back 50

Awareness of how one is doing.

Front 51

How might one improve their Monitoring?

Back 51

Self-testing

Front 52

What is evaluation?

Back 52

A review of the results of studying.

Front 53

Give two questions one might ask themselves in the process of Evaluation in meta-cognitive regulation?

Back 53

- Should I change strategies?
- Have I studied enough?

Front 54

Does studying for a long time lead to good performance?

Back 54

No, a lack of ineffective strategies due to lack of meta-cognition may lead to ineffective strategies.

Front 55

What is often the mistake made in Planning?

Back 55

The underestimation of the amount of time required to complete a task.

Front 56

What mistakes may be made in Monitoring?

Back 56

- Inaccurate assessment of performance

Front 57

What mistakes may be made in Evaluation?

Back 57

- Sticking with inappropriate strategies?

Front 58

What 2 questions that may be asked in Planning?

Back 58

- What is my goal?
- What kind of strategies do I need?

Front 59

What 3 questions may be asked in Monitoring?

Back 59

- Do I have a clear understanding of what I am doing?
- Am I reaching my goals?
- Do I need to make changes?

Front 60

What 2 questions may be asked in Evaluation to improve regulation of Cognition?

Back 60

- What strategies worked?
- What did not work?

Front 61

What is 4 items are evaluated in Critical Thinking?

Back 61

1. Accuracy
2. Credibility
3. Worth of information
4. Line of reasoning

Front 62

What are four general steps to problem-solving?

Back 62

1. Find and frame problems
2. Develop good problem solving strategies
3. Evaluate solutions
4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions

Front 63

What is a common pitfall in finding and framing the problem?

Back 63

This step is often rushed and people tend to name the first problem that comes to mind

Front 64

What are some effective strategies for problem solving?

Back 64

1. Algorithms
2. Heuristics

Front 65

What are the three characteristics to an algorithm?

Back 65

- Step by step
- Solution guaranteed
- Specific to a domain

Front 66

Heuristics are _______ shortcuts.

Back 66

Heuristics are mental shortcuts.

Front 67

What are the characteristics of a heuristic?

Back 67

- Solution not guaranteed
- General strategy

Front 68

When are heuristics a good choice?

Back 68

When there is uncertainty with the problem domain.

Front 69

The Representativeness Heuristic evaluates whether a __________ belongs to a ___________.

Back 69

The Representativeness Heuristic evaluates whether a given case belongs to a particular category.

Front 70

What does one do in the Evaluate Solutions step?

Back 70

Select a solution and anticipate the consequences

Front 71

What does one do in rethinking and redefining problems and solutions?

Back 71

Consider ways to improve upon the previous solution through feedback and contemplation

Front 72

What is fixation and what does it hinder?

Back 72

Fixation is using a prior strategy which may not have worked. It hinders problem solving by rejecting novel solutions.

Front 73

What is functional fixedness?

Back 73

Sees objects or concepts solely in terms of their usual function which prevents the use of objects in a new way

Front 74

What is Mental Set?

Back 74

Trying to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past though a better solution may be available