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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is a serial bottleneck?
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not being able to process two things at once. ie adding and multiplying two number at the same time
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early selection and late selection theories about when this happens
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Attenuation theory?
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the idea that a secondary message would be weakened but not filtered out entirely as it would in the filter theory
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think dichotic listening tast
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What does the binding problem refer to?
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question of how the brain puts together certain things in the visual field
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What does the parietal region do? What are the differences between the two sides/ what do they specialize in?
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Parietal region- attention, right- global, left- local
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What is perfect time sharing?
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Being able to do certain tasks at the same time, the tasks were not affected by the fact that they had to be done together
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What does the prefrontal region direct?
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Executive control/function
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The dual code theory? what are the two components?
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there are separate representation for verbal and visual info
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What is a cognitive map?
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imaginal representation of the world, start as route maps and develop into survey maps
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egocentric representation
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space from your point of view
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Allocentric representation
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regular map without a point of view, maintained by hippocampus
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Feature integration theory
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answer to binding problem:
people focus on a stimulus and search for it before synthesizing its features into a pattern |
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Inhibition of return
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if you have already looked at one region of space, you will find it harder to return your attention to that region
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Central bottleneck
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bottleneck in central cognition:
can't think about two things at once |
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What are the two types of images? What two structures support these kinds of images?
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spatial and object/object properties
spatial by- parietal structure objects- temporal structures |
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Navigation causes high activation of what part of the brain?
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hippocampus
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serial order information
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dkg slkj eio dpa
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first anchoring
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advantage for remembering first items in a series rather than any others
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braddley theory of verbal working memory-
two slave systems |
1. visuospatial sketch pad
2. Phonological loop-consists of mult components a. articulatory loop-inner voice rehearsing (broca’s area) b. phonological store- inner ear that hears the inner voice and stores the info |
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what structure is necessary for the creation of new memories?
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frontal structures
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what structure is necessary for the storage of memory?
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temporal structures
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visual sensory store?
iconic memory? |
memory system that can effectively store all the info in a visual system, lasting for 1-5 seconds so that we can process some of it
-photographic memory, brief visual memory |
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auditory sensory store aka
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echoic memory
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What part of the brain maintains the working memory?
all the same? |
Different areas of the frontal cortex maintain different types of info in the working memory
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Depth of processing
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rehearsal improves memory only if the material is rehearsed in a deep and meaningful way
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chincla
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chinchilla
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empiricism vs nativism
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all knowledge is from experience vs. born with innate knowledge
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Information processing approach
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analyze cognition as a set of steps in which info is processed
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Sternberg paradigm
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subject shown set of numbers and then asked determine whether or not certain numbers are in the set, increased time with increased numbers in set
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neuron-
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cell that accumulates and transmits electrical activity, 100 billion in brain
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synapse:
a. B. |
gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another
a. excitatory- decrease potential difference b. inhibitory- inhibit |
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action potential
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sudden change when the inside of a neuron is more positive than the outside, charges down the axon
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what do the basal ganglia control?
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basic motor control and complex cognition
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TWO things each that the right and left hemispheres control
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A. Left- analytical and linguistic ability
B. Right- perception and spatial processing |
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BOLD
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blood oxygen level dependent response
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what does fMRI allow us to see?
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different info processing components of a complex task as solved by dif parts of the brain
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visual agnosia? two kinds
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inability to recognize objects, apperceptive and associative
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apperceptive agnosia
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unable to recognize simple shapes or draw ones they are shown
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associative agnosia
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unable to recognize complex objects but can draw anything
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feature maps
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spatial representation of the visual field in which a stimulus is broken down into many features and their locations
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components of a 3-D space
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texture gradient, stereopsis, and motion parallax
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Gestalt principles of organization
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we organize objects into units according to these principles:
proximity continuation closure similarity |
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template matching
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images are transmitted to the brain and it attempts to compare the image to already stored patterns/templates
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feature analysis
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idea that recognition occurs by first recognizing basic features like lines and then their combination
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Recognition by components theory
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1.object broken into subobjects
2. classify category of each subobject (like recognizing a letter) 3. recognize objects as a pattern composed of pieces (like recognizing a word) |
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prosopagnosia? where is the problem occuring?
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difficulty recognizing faces, damage to temporal lobe particularly the fusiform gyrus
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phoneme
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minimal unit of speech that can result in a difference in the spoken message
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top down processing
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context guides perception, high level knowledge contributes to interpretation of low level stimulus
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bottom up processing
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using stimulus to process without context
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phoneme restoration effect
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we naturally add in missing phonemes
It was found that the *eel was on the axel... |
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change blindness
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failure to detect a change if it occurs with another retinal disturbance (door experiment)
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What is spreading activation?
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spreading activation- spread of activation from items currently or recently attended
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What is associative spreading?
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related words facilitate the rate at which words are read, why you can’t read incoherent material as fast
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What is the power law of Learning?
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memory performance decreasingly improves as a function of practice
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Long Term Potentiation
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when the synapse activity lasts for 2-3 days and doesn't need to be reactivated
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method of loci
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using a fixed sequence of locations to cue the retrieval of memories
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self reference effect
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people have a tendency to remember more about info that refers to themselves and those they have close ties with
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Power law of delay
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retention functions show diminishing loss with delay
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interference theory
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competing with delay theory, learning additional associations to a stimulus can cause old ones to be forgotten
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token distracter vs. type change
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trivial change vs. important interpretation change
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What's a proposition? why is it important/how used?
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the smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as an assertion, used with relations and arguments to test memory of long complex sentences by breaking them up into simple ones
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semantic network
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hierarchical organization from broad to specific with certain characteristics as branches (think of Robin and bird and animal)
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abstraction theories
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having a schema of something an following it, one prototype
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instance theories
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idea that we store no central concept but only specific instances
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encoding specificity principle
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people will show better memory at test if words are tested in the same context they were encoded, dependent relationship
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Korsakoff syndrome? how is it caused?
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brain injury or alcoholism, causing either one or both of retrograde amnesia or anterograde
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Dissociation
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when explicit memory is blank but implicit is fully correct
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explicit memory, aka, subgroups
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declarative memory, episodic and semantic
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implicit memory subgroups
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priming, procedural, conditioning, nonassociative(habituation)
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priming
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enhancement of perceptual recognition
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operator
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action that will transform the problem state into another problem state, sequence solves all subgoals and thus the problem
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analogy
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process by which a problem solver extracts the operators used to solve one problem and maps them onto a solution for another problem
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What is strange about analogy? what part of brain is needed to develop?
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unique to humans, prefrontal cortex
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back up avoidance
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not wanting to take step back even if it is necessary to solve a problem
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means end analysis
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involves creating subgoals, focused on enabling blocked operators
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GPS
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general problem solver computer simulation program for means end analysis
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set effect
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biasing of a problem's solution, usually by repeat use of certain solution that won't fit (don't be blind)
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Einstellung effect/mechanization of thought
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- demonstrated by luchins in which 1-5 of 10 problems follow the same formula biasing the ability of the participant to not solve the rest though those are easier
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expertise is not evolutionarily helpful. why?
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better you are at something the less of your brain you use
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3 levels of skill acquisition:
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1. cognitive stage- declarative coding
2. associative stage-first errors are recognized and deleted, then skill strengthened guided by procedural memory 3. autonomous stage- perfecting |
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Proceduralization
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process of switching from declarative knowledge to direct application of procedural knowledge
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tactical learning
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learning a specific procedure for solving a problem, SAS AAA
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top down problem solving
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backwards problem solving, used in computer programming
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experts' memory for life, their field, and patterns?
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only increased memory for whatever they are an expert at, also have increased ability for memory. ie chess expert can put back pieces on board, for most any board game
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deliberate learning
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when learners are motivated and monitored so they are aware of the correct operators and their deviations from them
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how easy is it to transfer skills?
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often a failure to transfer skills to similar domains and no transfer to different domains. phone numbers to chains of words
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negative transfer
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when learning one thing makes you worse at learning another. very rare
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LISP tutors
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intelligent tutors that allow students to master things (ie programming) by monitoring components of a skill and providing feedback
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componential analysis
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approach to instruction beginning with an analysis of the elements to be taught
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theory of identical elements
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minds provide a person with a variety of narrow responses to very specific stimuli. UNTRUE: geometry label changes
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successive approximation
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method of controlling behavior. begin with behavior closest to one you desire and respond/reward. (wandering and sitting)
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Behaviorism looks at
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organisms as empty, stimulus response
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electromagnetic spectrum and us
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we only see the colors but there are many other rays
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fuzzy logic
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one thing blends into another, how humans can do things computers cant, recognize faces
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Mental rotation at wash u
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freshmen tested: high negative correlation bw grades on the test and grades in engineering
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imagery
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idea of what something looks/feels/is in the absense of the stimulus
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power of the image example
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Reagan and Bear (USSR)influenced the whole nation, visual image most powerful compared to other senses
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Extroverts vs. Introverts
who experimented |
extro- low level of basal arousal, dependent on external stimulation
Yurkes and Dobson |
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uses of imagery
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- acquire or sharpen skills
-facilitates healing -coping with pain (divert it) |
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Why are images so powerful, mentally?
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the same parts of the brain are active while perceiving images or the actual experience
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EMG
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electromiograph, measures electricity in muscle fibers, tells when muscle neurons are firing
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assimilate vs accomodate
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add into our schema vs. change schema
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Schacter
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believes there is no memory, not a storage device
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we are anchored meaning:
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we like to solve problems in well established ways
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oomvay problem
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rat with food on other side of transparent wall, sees solution unless starving
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Verbal overshadowing
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experiences are difficult to put into words so that when we do, things become inaccurate-alters our experience memeory
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what's the difference between suppression and repression
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sup-voluntary non thinking
rep-lost access to memory |
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Erikson theory of deliberate practice
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anything can be taught: speed and fast twistch fibers, perfect pitch
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beta waves
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low amplitude of frequent waves, show increased blood flow
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depression in your brain hemisphere
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right hemisphere is working more than left, increased difference during an episode (artists)
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What side of the brain does face recognition
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right side, while left side does components
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verbal side of brain
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left
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emotional side of brain
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right sides processes and more likely to express emotion
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