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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
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specific behavioral technique
6.Contingency Contracts |
spell out behaviors to be performed, changed or discontinued; reward associated with achievement of these goals
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role of counselor
(reality therapy) |
-teach & model
-built relationship by dev. trust -emphasis on choice -positive, constructive actions |
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stimulus response model is
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-the application of classical conditioning (also called respondent learning & stimulus response model)
-learning occurs through the association of 2 stimuli known as the condition of involuntary responses |
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general behavioral techniques
2.shedules of reinforcement |
a)continous rein.-behavior first learned should be rein. everytime it occurs
b)intermittent rein.-once learned, rein. less frequently c)operate according to ratio(# of responses) or interval(length of time) d)fixed ratio schedule-rein. based on the # of responses made. ex.being payed for the # of items produced e)fixed interval schedule-occurs on regular time schedule. ex.salary f)variable interval schedule-rein. is obtained irregularly. ex.slot machine g)variable interval schedule-irregular time schedule. ex.told good job by boss twice one day & not again for a month |
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general behavioral techniques
1. use of reinforcers: |
a)reinforcer-when they follow a behavior they increase the probability of the bahvior reoccuring
b)positive reinforcer-considered pleasurable by the affected person c)negative reinforcer-aversive stimulus is removed when a desired behavior has occured. ex.mother nags daughter until she does the dishes d)primary reinforcer-valued intrinsically. ex.food e)secondary reinforcer-some kind of token. ex.money |
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general behavioral technique
7.punishment |
-present an aversive stimulus to a situation to eliminate or supress a behavior
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general behavioral technique
6.extinction |
-elimination of a behavior because of a withdrawl of it reinforcement
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general behavioral techniques
3.shaping |
-behavior learned in steps through successive approximation
-occurs when a person practices a behavior or imagines doing a task more than he previously had (focused imagery) -chaining-be aware of response sequence they wish to establish, what follows what & how |
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general behavioral techniques
5.maintanence |
-consistent in doing the actions desired without depending on anyone else for support
-self observation-person notices particular behaviors he or she does -self recording-recording these behaviors -self monitoring-count the occurances of behaviors normally done without thought to increase awareness |
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general behavioral techniques
4.generalization |
-display of behaviors in the environment outside where they originally learned
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specific behavioral technique
2.environment planning |
client set's up part of the environment to promote or limit certain behaviors
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specific behavioral techniques
1.behavioral rehersal |
-practicing a desired behavior until it is performed the way the client wishes
aka. role playing |
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specific bahavioral technique
3.systematic desensitization |
-help overcome anxiety in specific situations
-hierarchy, 0-100(most upsetting), work through events -reciprocal inhibition- idea that a person cannot feel anxious & relaxed at the same time |
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specific behavioral technique
4.assertiveness training |
person should be free to expree thoughts and feelings without undue anxiety
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Skinner can be classified as a behavioral determinist:
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because of his emphasis on learning as the primary determinant of human actions
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strengths of reality therapy
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-many different populations
-concrete -short term treatment -promotes responsibility & freedom -addresses conflict resolution -stresses the present |
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goals
(reality therapy) |
1.become psychologically strong & rational
2.realize they have choices 3.help clarify want they want in life 4.realistic plan to achieve needs & wishes 5.focus on behavior & present 6.eliminate punishment & excuses from client's life |
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specific behavioral technique
7.Implosion & Flooding |
-implosive therapy-desensitizing a client to a situation by having him imagine an anxiety producing situation that may have dire consequences(person is not taught to relax first)
-flooding-less traumatic, imagined scene does not have dire consequences |
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aversive technique
2.overcorrection |
-first restore the envirenment to its natural state and then make it better than normal
ex.kid throws food in lunchroom, must clean it up and wax the floor |
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Aversive technique
1.time out |
client is seperated from the oppertunity to have positive rein.
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most success with cognitive behavioral counseling:
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1.goal orientated
2.action orientated 3.interest in changing |
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Techniques
(reality therapy) |
-action oriented
-teaching as primary technique -strategy:positiveness -WDEP system w=wants d=direction e=evaluation p=plan |
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aversive technique
3.covert sensitization |
undesired behavior is eliminated by associating it with unpleasantness
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aversive techniques are not
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usually effective by themselves
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skinner
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focus-learning principles
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Watson (advocate of behaviorism in infancy)concerned with:
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-outward observations
-little Albert |
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behavioral approach
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-help clients learn new, appropriate ways of acting or modify or eliminate excessive actions
-adaptive behaviors replace maladaptive behaviors |
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3 main approaches to behavioral therapy
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1.stimulus response model
2.applied behavior analysis 3.social cognitive theory |
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3 main approaches to behavioral therapy
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1.stimulus response model
2.applied behavior analysis 3.social cognitive theory |
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stimulus response model
Pavlov |
cs-bell
ucs-food cr-salivating to the bell ucr-naturally salivating when food is present |
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cognitive behavioral techniques
1. cognitive restructing |
-clients are taught to identify, evaluate & change self defeating thoughts that negatively influence their behavior
-done by getting them to vocalize their self talk to others & then change it -method-self instructional training |
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stimulus response model
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1.cs not (does not initially elicit) cr
2.ucs (elicits) ucr 3.cs + ucs (presented together elicit) ucr 4.repeat #3 a few times 5.cs (elicits) cr |
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limitations of reality therapy
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-too much hee & now
-ignores biology -too simple -overly moralistic -depends on verbal interaction -keeps changing focus -depends on good couselor client relationship |
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reality therapy
choice theory |
individuals are ultimately self determining
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behavioral techniques
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1. use of reinforcers:
a)reinforcer-when they follow a behavior they increase the probability of the bahvior reoccuring b)positive reinforcer-considered pleasurable by the affected person c)negative reinforcer-aversive stimulus is removed when a desired behavior has occured. ex.mother nags daughter until she does the dishes d)primary reinforcer-valued intrinsically. ex.food e)secondary reinforcer-some kind of token. ex.money |
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goals in behavioral therapy
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-make good adjustment
-eliminate negative behavior -aquire healthy way of acting |
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Glasser-identity in early life has 2 critical periods:
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1. 2-5:learn early socialization skills, need love, acceptance, guidence & involvement of their parents
2. 5-10:gain knowledge & self concept, failure identity if they have socialization difficulties |
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role of counselor in a behavioral orientation
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-act as consultant, advisor, teacher, reinforcer & facilitator
-diagnosis-describe client according to behaviors they display (many in DSM) |
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applied behavior analysis
operant conditioning |
-how individuals operate in their environment
-person is rewarded or punished for actions, thereby learning to discriminate between behaviors that bring rewards and those that don't |
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counterconditioning
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once learned these associations can be unlearned, with new ones taking place
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applied behavioral analysis
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-based on operant conditioning
-person must be involved as an active participant with the environment |
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social cognitive theory synonyms:
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-observational learning
-imitation -social modeling -vicarious learning |
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applied behavior analysis uses:
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1.reinforcement
2.punishment 3.extinction 4.stimulus control |
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social cognitive thoery
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people aquire new knowledge and behavior by observing other people and event
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social cognitive theory
Bandura |
-saves time, energy and effort in aquiring a new skill
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counselor & client must reach mutually agreed on goal, 4 step to do so:
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1.define the problem
2.take a dev. history 3.establish specific goals 4.determine the best methods for change |
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self instructional training
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-counselor models appropriate behaviors
-client performs these behaviors while verbally repeating the reasons behind the actions |
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cognitive behavioral technique
2.stress innoculation |
-preventive technique
-taught sets of coping skills to help them handle stressful events -requires follow up sessions |
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cognitive behavioral technique
3.thought stopping |
-counselor suddenly yalls STOP when the client is thinking irrational thoughts
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associated with psychological need is:
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-identity-dev. of a psychologically healthy selg
-success identity-love & worth -failure identity-maladjusted personality with lack of confidence & the tendency to give up easily |
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strengths of the behavioral approach
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-deals directly with symptoms
-focus is here & now -several techniques available -based on learning theory -supported by research -objective in defining & dealing with problems |
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reality therapy (Glasser)
focus on consiousness |
-humans operate at a consious level
-they are not driven by unconsious forces or instincts |
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reality therapy
-everyone has a health/growth force that is manifested on two levels: |
1. physical-need to obtain life sustaining necessities like food, shelter
2. psychological-belonging, power, freedom & fun |
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limitations of behavioral approach
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-deals only with explicit behavior
-approach is applied machanically -best under controlled conditions that can't be replicated in normal counseling seesions -ignores past history -does not consider dev. stages |
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reality therapy
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-emphasizes choices that people can make to change their lives
-flexible, friendly, firm & action oriented |
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reality therapy
2 general concepts |
1.the environment necessary for conducting counseling
2.procedures leading to change |
