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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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endocrine system
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cells , tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into the internal enviroment
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what do paracrine secretions effect
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neighboring cells
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What does autocrine secretions effect?
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secreting cell itself
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Where do exocrine glands secrete
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outside the internal enviroment through tubes or ducts that lead to the surface
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Target cells have what kind of receptors
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proteins or glycoproteins with binding sites for the specific hormone
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What do endocrine glands do
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help regulate metabolic processes
control rates of chemical reactions aid in the transport of substances across the cell membrane help regulate water and electrolyte balances have vital roles in reproduction, development and growth |
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what are the major endocrine glands
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pituitary gland
thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas pineal gland reproductive glands kidneys thymus |
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what are the two general types of hormones
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1. steroid sythesized from cholesterol
2. amines , peptides proteins or glycoproteins synthesized from amino acids |
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what do steriod molecules consist of
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complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms and some oxygen atoms
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are steroids water soluble or lipid soluble
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lipid soluble
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what happend when a steroid molecule enters a target cell
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1. steroid hormone diffuses through cell membrane
2.the steroid binds a specific protein molecule (receptor) 3. resulting hormone receptor complex binds in nucleus to dna activating mRNA 3. mRNA leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm 4.mRNA molecules leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm 5. mRNA molecules associate with ribosomes to direct synthesis of specific proteins |
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second messenger associated with group of hormones
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate cyclic AMP cAMP
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what is the chemical communication of non steroid hormones called
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signal transduction
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what is the chain of events for nonsteroid hormones
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1. hormone binds to the receptor
2.resulting hormone receptor complex activates a membrane protein called a G protein 3. G protein activates an enzyme called adenylate cyclase 4.in the cytoplasm the activated adenylate cyclase catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP 5. cAMP activates another set of exzymes call protein kinases which transfer phosphate groups from ATP to their substrate molecules ..this action called phosphorylation alters shapes of substrate molecules 6. activated proteins them alter cellular processes bringing about the characteristic effect of the hormone |
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what enzyme quickly deactivates cAMP
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phosphodiesterase
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prostaglandins
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- regulates cells
-lipid synthesized from fatty acids -produced by cells of the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, thymus, pancreas, brain and reproductive organs -not stored but synthesized right before their release -effect only the organ where they are produced -diverse and opposite effects |
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3 ways hormone secretion uses negative feedback
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1. hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary glands release of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones, located near thalamus 3rd ventricle
2.nervous system stimulates some glands directly ex. adrenal medulla secrets its hormones in response to sympathetic nerve impulses 3. glands respond directly to changes in the composition of internal enviroment |
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Where is it located and what controls it
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-located at base of the brain, pituitary stalk attaches to the hypothalamus
-the brain controls it -releasing hormones or release inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus |
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what do the capillaries of the hypothalamus merge to form
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hypophyseal portal veins
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what is the anterior pituitary made up of
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anterior pituitary is enclosed in a capsule of dense collagenous connective tissue and consists largely of epithelial tissues organized in blocks
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what hormones are found in the anterior pituitary
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growth hormone GH
prolactin PRL thyroid-stimulationing hormone TSH adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH follicle stimulating hormone FSH luteinizing hormone LH |
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what does insuffcient secretion of GH in childhood cause
oversecretion in childhood overproduction in adulthood |
pituitary dwarfism
giantism agromegely |
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what does the posterior pituitary mostly consist of
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nerve fibers and neurglia
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what hormones are associated with the posterior pituitary
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antidiuretic hormone ADH
oxytocin OT |
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what disease is seen when to little ADH is synthesized or released
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diabetes insipidus
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what is the thyroid gland and where is it located
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two vascular lobes connected by an isthmus
follicles have cavities lined with subcoidal epithelial cells and filled with colloid,hormones may be stored in the colloid and released into blood of nearby capillaries |
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what are the hormones of the thyroid
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thyroxine T4
triiodothyronine T3 |
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what is the function of hormones of the thyroid
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help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
increase rate of protein synthesis stimulate breakdown and mobilization of lipids |
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what controls the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
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hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland |
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third hormone of thyroid gland that is produced in the extra follicular cells
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calcitonin
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what is the structure and location of the parathyroid
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posterior surface of the thyroid gland
four glands superior and inferior associated with each of the thyroids lateral lobes covered with thin capsule of connective tissue and they are yellowish brown |
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what is the hormone of the parathyroid gland
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parathyroid hormone
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make up and location of the adrenal glands
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sits atop each kidney and are closely associated with the kidneys
very vascular has 2 parts central portion is medulla outer is the adrenal cortex |
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what are the hormones of the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine
norepinephrine |
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what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex
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aldosterone
cortisol certain sex hormones |
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what causes addisons disease
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hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
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what causes cushing syndrome
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hypersecretion of the adrenal cortical hormones
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what is the dual function of the pancreas
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exocrine gland that secretes digestive juice
endocrine gland that releases hormones |
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where is the pancreas located
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posterior to the stomach
behind the parietal peritoneum |
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the pancreatic islets include what two types of cells
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alpha-glucagon
beta-insulin |
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what are the hormones of the pancreatic inlets
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glucagon
insulin |
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what is the pineal gland
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small structure located deep between the cerebral hemispheres
attaches to upper part of the thalamus |
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what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland
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melatonin
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where is the thymus located
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lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs
shrinks with age |
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what does the thymus secrete
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thymosins
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what does the placenta produce
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estrogen
progesterone gonatropin |
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what secretes atrial peptide and what does it do
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the heart
stimulates urinary sodium excretion |
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what do the kidneys excrete
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erythropoietin
red blood cell growth hormone |
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general adaptation syndrome
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under hypothalamic control
two stages alarm - immediate resistance-resistence |
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Who's in charge of the pituitary gland
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hypothalamus
anterior bloodstream hypophysealvein posterior bloodstream from nerve impulses |
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growth hormone
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GH
anterior pituitary stimulates growth and production of cells speeds up cell of CHO and fats increased by : growth hormone-releasing hormone, insufficient nutrients inhibited by: GH inhibiting hormone |
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prolactin
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PRL
anterior pituitary hormones promotes milk production in women may cause difficiency in male sex hormones |
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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TSH
controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland regulated by : TRH-thryrotropin-releasing hormone *blood concentration of thyroid hormone increase - secretions of TRH-TSH decrease |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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ACTH
anterior pituitary hormone controls secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex regulated by: CRH:corticotropin-releasing hormone and stress |
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follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
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FSH
LH gonatropins affecting the male and female gonads |
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what is the posterior pituitary made of and what does it store
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nerve fibers and neuroglial cells
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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antidiuretic hormone
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ADA
causes kidneys to conserve water regulated by hypothalamus |
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oxytocin
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contracting muscles in the uterine wall and in milk let down
released by: stretching of the uterus and infants suckling breasts |
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tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine
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follicular cells
T4 and T3 regulate metabolism , increase rate at which cells release from CHO , enhance protein synthesis, break down lipids released by: hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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calcitonin
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lower blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high
increases the rate at which calcium is stored in bones and excreted in urine regulated by: negative feedback involving blood concentration of calcium opposite effect of PTH in calcium ion levels |
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parathyroid hormone
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PTH
increases blood calcium concentration decreases phosphate ion concentration stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, which releases calcium into blood influences kidneys to conserve calcium and cause increased absorption of calcium in intestines regulated by : negative feedback blood calcium ion level opposite effect calcitonin in calcium ion levels |
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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adrenal medulla hormones
regulated by: nervous impulses from central nerve system |
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aldosterone
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adrenal cortex hormone
a mineralcorticoid causes kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water and to excrete potassium response: decreasing blood volume and blood pressure as a result of changes in the kidney |
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cortisol
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adrenal cortex hormone
aglucocorticoid influences the metabolism of glucose , protein and fat in response to stress and require greater supply of energy in the blood stream regulated by: negative feedback mechanism involving CRH from hypothalamus and ACTH from anterior pituitary also stress injury or disease |
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adrenal sex hormones
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produced in the inner zone mostly male can convert to female
released: in gonads |
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islets of langerhorns
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pancreas
endocrine portion |
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glucagon
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secreted by alpha cells
increases blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of non cholesterol into glucose regulated by : negative feedback system involving low blood glucose levels |
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insulin
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secreted by beta cells
decreases the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to form glycogen , increasing protein synthesis and stimulating adipose cells to store fat regulated by: negative feedback system involving high blood glucose levels |
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melatonin
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from pineal gland
regulates circadian rhythms of the body |
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thymosins
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from thymus gland
affect production and differentation of T lymphocytes important in immunity |
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atrial natriuretic peptide
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from the heart
affecting sodium |
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erythropoietin
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from the kidneys
for blood cell production |
