Edit This Earth Science Final Review

Front 1

What is matter?

Back 1

Matter is anything that has mass and volume

Front 2

Structure of an atom

Back 2

Atom has a nucleus with neutrons and protons (+) in it. Outside the nucleus are levels or areas where electrons (-) are. An atom is the smallest unit of an element

Front 3

Contrast elements and compounds

Back 3

An element is the pure chemical substance and a compoun has two or more elements chemically combined.

Front 4

Define a molecule

Back 4

Molecule is the smallest part of a compound that still has all the properties of the compound and consists of at least two atoms.

Front 5

What are the 5 requirements for a mineral?

Back 5

1. occurs naturally
2. is a solid
3. has a definite chemical composition
4. has its atoms arranged in an orderly pattern
5. is inorganic (not fromed from living things)

Front 6

What are the two most abundant minerals?

Back 6

oxygen and silicon

Front 7

How do minerals form?

Back 7

Minerals form out of magma as atoms move around and combine to form minerals while magma cools. Minerals also form when water containing a precipitate ions evaporates.

Front 8

What are the 6 main crystal shapes?

Back 8

1.cubic system
2. orthorhombic system
3. tetragonal system
4. triclinc system
5. hexagonal system
6. monoclinic system

Front 9

What type of minerals are most rock forming minerals?

Back 9

Most rock forming minerals are silicate

Front 10

What is the least helpful identification method and why?

Back 10

Color because many different minerals have similar colors

Front 11

What are the two main types of luster?

Back 11

metallic or nonmetallic

Front 12

What is a crystal shape?

Back 12

Ions form in flat faced patterns forming crystal shapes

Front 13

What are 5 simple tests to identify minerals?

Back 13

streak, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity, and acid tests

Front 14

How are cleavage and fracture different?

Back 14

Cleavage is the ability to split easily along flat surfaces in the same direction.
Fracture is when minerals break along different lines and are uneven with rough irregular edges

Front 15

What is the Moh's hardness scale?

Back 15

a scale to evaluate hardness of minerals listed from 1-10. One is the solfest and 10 is the hardest.

Front 16

If a rock can scratch calcite and fluorite, but not feldspar, what is its hardness?

Back 16

Hardness is 5

Front 17

What are you checking for when you do the acid test and what type of acide do you use?

Back 17

The release of carbon dioxide gas from the mineral by pouring hydochloric acid drops on it.

Front 18

What are special properites of minerals?

Back 18

1. magnetism (acts like a magnet)
2. Fluorescence (glow under ultraviolet light)
3. phophorescent(glow after ultraviolet light is shut off)
4. radioactivity-(give off subatomic particles that active a Geiger counter)
5. double refraction-(splits light rays in two part)

Front 19

What is uniformitarianism?

Back 19

idea that what we see now is related to the past (in earth science)

Front 20

How have scientists applied Hutton's principles to describe the origin of rocks?

Back 20

erupting lava hardens into rocks
sand and clays harden into rocklike materials
hot lava flowing over rocks change rocks.
Using this, scientists have divided rocks into 3 different categories

Front 21

What are the 3 main categories of rocks?

Back 21

Igneous rocks-made by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock from inside Earth

Metamorphic rocks-existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure into new kinds of rocks

Sedimentary rocks-hardening and cementing layers of sediments of rock, plant and animal remains

Front 22

What is the difference between magma and lava?

Back 22

Magma is hot molten rock from inside the Earth.
Lava is magma that pours onto Earth's surface during a volcanic eruption.

Front 23

What are the 2 types of igneous rocks and how are they different?

Back 23

Plutonic or intrusive form underground

Volcanic or extrusive form above the ground when lava cools

Front 24

What are the 2 types of magma?

Back 24

Felsic magma-hot silica solution with a high percenage of silica, liattle calcium, rion or magnesium. Granite is an example

Mafic-hot silica solution with a low percentage of silica and a high percentage of magnesium and iron. Basalt is an example

Front 25

What does the texture of a rock depend on?

Back 25

Texture depends on size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral crystals.

Front 26

What situation results in large crystals?

Back 26

The length of time it takes for the magma to cool determines the crystal's size. The longer the cooling, the larger the crystal.

Front 27

Name 3 types of sedimentary rocks.

Back 27

Clastic-made from fragments of other rocks. Shale, sandstone
Chemical-made from mineral grains from a precipitate in a solution. ROck salt, some limestones
Organic-made from remains of plants and animals. Coal and most limestone

Front 28

What is stratification?

Back 28

arrangement in visible layers of sediments of minerals

Front 29

Why can't you find fossils in igneous or metamorphic rocks, but you can in sedimentary rocks?

Back 29

Fossils are remains, impressions, or evidence of plant and animal life.
Igneous and Metamorphic rocks are formed from hot molten magma in or on the Earth and sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of rock fragments, plants and animals.

Front 30

What are the two types of metamorphic rocks?

Back 30

Regional metamorphism-large areas of rock under intense heat and pressure change form
Contact metamorphism-hot magma forces its way into overlying rock and bakes the rock it comes in contact with.

Front 31

Rock Cycle

Back 31

Crustal movement forces rocks deep into Earth's crust and they melt into magma. Then magma hardens into igneous rocks, then weathering and erosion breaks pieces (sediments) off that cement together making sedimentary rock, then it is buried deep in earth's crust and becomes magma.

Front 32

Contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources

Back 32

Renewable resources can be replaced in nature at a rate close to its use. Nonrenewable resources are those that only have a certain amount and are used up faster than they can be replaced in nature.

Front 33

What is the composition of air?

Back 33

78% nitrogen, 1% oother gases, and 21% oxygen.

Front 34

How is oxygen used up and replaced in the air?

Back 34

Oxygen is used by respiration (oxygen combines with food molecules to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide). Oxygen is replaced by photosynthesis (plants use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen).

Front 35

What can pollute air?

Back 35

When clean air moves across Earth, it picks up particles of pollutants like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide and suspended pariculate matter.

Front 36

Is soil renewable or nonrenewable?

Back 36

Soil can be renewable over time, but is considered a limited resource because if it is reused without time to renew, it becomes depleted.

Front 37

What are two problems with water supply?

Back 37

Quantity of water because it is not spread equally around the world.
Quality because it is being polluted

Front 38

What pollutes water?

Back 38

Pesticides, sewage, oil leaks and spills, fertilizers, detergenets, thermal energy.

Front 39

What is an ore?

Back 39

A valuable mineral found in a small amount in rocks.

Front 40

What are mineral resources?

Back 40

Nonrenewable resources used by man. Mineral reserves are found in earth. The amount available is the mineral resource.

Front 41

What are some important nonmetals?

Back 41

Nonmetals take and used as they are from the ground. Sand, quartz, crushed stone, salt, sulfur.

Front 42

Describe 5 energy resources.

Back 42

Fossil fuels-coal-a nonrenewable resource that contributes to air pollution.
Fossil fuels: petrolleum and natural gas-nonrenewable resource, less pollution, found in the earth
Uranium-source of energy used in nuclear reactor to generate electricity.
Solar- energy from the sun.