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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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behavioral genetics
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study of individual differences in development of trait or disorder within a population
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individual differences
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Differences between people (not within)
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quantitative studies
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Degree of genetic and environmental influence (not looking at specific genes)
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Ex of study: Height is 80% heritable, schizophrenia is 70% heritable
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quantitative study
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Interpret: Height is 80% heritable
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80% of the reason that people in a population are different heights is that they have different genes
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molecular studies
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ID specific genes accounting for genetic influence
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Ex of study: Dopamine receptor 2 gene related to ADHD
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molecular study
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genes
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segments of DNA that make proteins
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DNA makes up our _____
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chromosomes
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humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes
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3
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translation
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DNA codes and regulates the production of proteins
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transmission
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DNA replicates itself so that traits can be passed down through relatives
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gene products
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protein
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DNA unzips its double helix, makes a complementary strand for each unzipped strand in...
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transmission
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DNA replicates itself so that traits can be passed down through relatives in...
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transmission
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DNA codes and regulates the production of proteins in...
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translation
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Alternate forms of genes on matched pairs of chromosomes (one dominant, one recessive)
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alleles
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PKU
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recessive disorder, both parents need to have at least one recessive allele
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quantitative studies are done...
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...statistically
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How do you determine if something shows genetic influence?
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Examine patterns of relatedness (similarity) among relatives (biological and non-biological)
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in family studies, examine...
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rate of disorder in relatives of affected vs. unaffected individuals
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if not familial, then...
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...neither genes or family environment contribute
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1 problem with family studies
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share genes and environment
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adoption studies examine...
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rate of disorders in adoptee and biological and adoptive relatives
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adoption studies disentangle...
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...genetic from environmental influences
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2 problems with adoption studies
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privacy laws, expensive
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twin studies derive...
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...heritability estimates
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Proportion of individual differences within a population that is due to genes
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heritability estimate
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Interpret: Body weight 80% is heritable
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80% of variability in bodyweight within a population due to genes
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Formula for calculating heritability estimate
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2(MZ correlation – DZ correlation)
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heritability estimate is _______ populations
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within
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if ________, there is a genetic effect
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MZ is twice DZ
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C
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shared environment
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If MZ = DZ
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shared environment
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shared environment examples
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SES, general child rearing practices
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nonshared environment
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Influences unique to sibs growing up in same family
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nonshared environment example
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differential parenting
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If MZ < 1.00
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Always some type of environmental effect
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Which environmental factor is more important?
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nonshared
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shared environment is important for
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religiosity
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Only time it would be entirely due to shared environment
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rMZ = 1.0, rDZ = 1.0
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A
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additive genetic effects
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E
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nonshared environment
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Use algebra and equations to simultaneously examine influence of A, C, and E
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Model fitting analyses
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2 problematic assumptions for twin method
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Representativeness assumption, equal environments assumption
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Assumption: Twins are representative of the population at large for behavioral traits and disorders
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representativeness
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MZ twins not treated more similarly, but, if they are, increased environmental similarity doesn’t affect trait/disorder in question
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equal environments
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are MZ twins treated similarly?
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yes
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does similar treatment of MZ twins affect behavioral similarity
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no
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Study: Twins who look more alike NOT more alike for disordered eating
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Klump et al. (2000)
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2 types of molecular studies
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association, linkage
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in association studies, examine...
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frequency of alleles between individuals with and without the disorder
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in linkage studies, examine...
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genes/markers across genome to determine “hot spots” where susceptibility genes might lie
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what is being IDed in linkage studies?
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regions on chromosomes that might harbor important genes
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cross-over
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During formation of egg/sperm, original chromosomes in pair may cross over and exchange portions of their DNA
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Chances for crossover depends on _____
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distance between genes
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closer genes --> likelihood for crossover
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less likely
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farther genes --> likelihood for crossover
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more likely
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Genes that are close to each other are likely to be
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transmitted together
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Family members who have the disease are similar to each other because
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the genes linked to the disorder are transmitted in both of them
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how are linkage studies done in families?
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Examine siblings who all have the disorder, look for evidence of linkage
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markers
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places where individuals vary significantly
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___% share 0 alleles
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25%
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___% share 1 allele
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50
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___% share 2 alleles
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25
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Rates of EDs (includes EDNOS) in relatives of ED probands = _____ times higher than in relatives of controls
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4-12
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AN may share risk with _____
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OCPD
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evidence for AN being heritable
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40% of the time, if one MZ twin had AN, other twin had it too
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Transmission of OCPD in families is independent of
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OCPD in AN patient
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klump's findings for genetic vs. enviro effects
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genes- 74%, shared 0%, nonshared 26%
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BN prevalence in Bulik study
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1-4%
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if measurement error is high, what should be off?
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nonshared environment
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heritability of BN in bulik
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83%
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In adulthood, is shared or nonshared important?
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nonshared
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reliability of BN diagnosis (bulik)
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30%
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shared genetic/environmental effects
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Common set of genes and/or environmental factors influencing EDs and related phenotype
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cross-twin, cross-trait corr.
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Correlate EDs in one group of twins with dep in another group
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r(cc)
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twin one’s ED with twin 2’s depression
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if MZ is twice as much as DZ
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There is a genetic effect
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the strongest prospective risk factor for EDs
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Personality (particularly negative emotionality)
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heritability of personality
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more than 50%
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Kendler was only study to find some _____
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shared environmental effects
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what is the exception to ED and personality being heritable
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binge eating
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to what extent are disordered eating and personality heritable?
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more than 50%
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nonshared/shared important in disordered eating and personality
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nonshared
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_____ may be a genetic risk factor for EDs
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negative emotionality
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Keel et al: _______ share genetic risk factors with AN
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anxiety disorders
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Wade et al: overlap in _____, genetic risk factors for AN and depression
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some but not all
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Kendler et al: BN appears to share genetic risk with _____ and ______.
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phobia, panic disorder
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Kendlet: No shared genetic risk with _____, ______, or _____.
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depression, GAD, alcoholism
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_______ very important in childhood, drops in adol, little to no in adulthood
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shared enviro
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_____ steady throughout life
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nonshared enviro
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Shared enviro _____ in childhood, ____ in adol, _____ in adulthood
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very important, drops, little to no
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11 to 14: shared enviro ____, genetic _____, nonshared _____
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plunges, increases a lot, decreases a little
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Genes have no effect in ____, lots in _____
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prepuberty, puberty
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shared enviro _____ in prepuberty, _____ in puberty
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relevant, not relevant
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Genetic factors account for ___% of variance in pubertal twins
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50
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