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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is usually a blue coating that is applied to the base material before it is coated with the emulsion
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adhesive layer
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what prevents bubbles other distortions when the film is bent during processing or handling or when it is wet and heated during development
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adhesive layer
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the position of the image on each emulsion of dual emulsion film; it is accentuated by tube-angled x-ray techniques.
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parallax effect
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the base, adhesive, emulsion with crystals and supercoat are what is needed to create what
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radiographic film
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what serves as a nonreactive medium through which chemicals can defuse to reach the silver halides
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Gelatin
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this material is clear to permit light to travel through it uniformlyand flexible enough to permit bending without distorting the recorded image
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Gelatin
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uneven distribution of this material will cause one side to be more photo sensitive then the other
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Gelatin
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silver bromide, silver iodide, silver chloride which are a photosensitive agents of what type of crystal
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silver halide crystals which is a part of the gelatin
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what are the two types of emulsions
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single and double emulsion
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what is another name for double emulsion
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duplitized or double coated film
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what film normally has emulsion on a single side
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photographic film
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what type of film is duplitized or double coated
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diagnostic radiographic film
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what modality films are coated on a single side and are known as special films
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duplication, mammography and fine detail extremity films
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What two items consist of a super coat
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Film, radiograph
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what is an unexposed
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Film
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what is exposed film which contains patient information
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Radiograph
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what is a layer of hard protective gelatin design to prevent the soft emulsion underneath from being physically or chemical abused by scratches or abrasions, stacking and skin oils from handling
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super coat
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paper clips and staples r the only thing that can damage a radio graphics film
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Supercoat
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what are the four types of analog X ray film
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Direct exposure film
screen film duplication film digital imaging |
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what are the two types of screen film
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Single emulsion
double emulsion |
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what type of film has high recorded detail and high patient dose
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direct exposure film
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the primary use of direct exposure is in what industry of radiography
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non destructive testing
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the use of direct exposure film Can be justified when what is needed
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when extreme fine detail is critical to the diagnostic quality of the image
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dental radiography, reconstructive surgery of the hands, biopsy specimen radiography, and forensics are examples and application of what type of film
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direct exposure film
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what type of film has a single emulsion extremely fine grain silver halide crystals and a much greater silver content in order to achieve sufficient sensitivity and still maintain a fine-grain
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direct exposure film
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Because of its emulsion many brands of this type of film cannot be processed in automatic radiographic processes and require manual processing
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direct exposure film
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direct exposure film has what type of emulsion which consist of high patient dose and high recorded detail
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Single emulsion
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Double emulsion has what characteristics
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Low recorded detail
lower patient dose more parallax effect |
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This film is designed to provide an exact image of the original ....this type of film is pre-exposed to permit it to duplicate the original image it is sensitive to the ultraviolet light used in duplicating machines
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duplication film
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what type of radiographs are actually negative (white bone) because they were reversed the black and white of the subject
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diagnostic radiographs
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what type of radiographs produces a positive image (black bone)
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Fluoroscopy
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what is the process by which a nearly exact copy, the same size, or miniaturized, is made of a radiographic image who is intent was to share visual information with other institutions, with other hospital departments educational purposes
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duplication process
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Solarization effect is an effect that is a part of what process
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Duplication process
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this effect is from the early days of photography that produces Prints by exposure to sunlight
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Solarization effect
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if silver halide emulsions is exposed long enough it will reach the reversible phase and actually lose density
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Solarization effects
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duplication Film is shipped from the factory at
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D Max
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dealing with film speed the bigger the crystal what happens to a patient dose and record details
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Lower patient dose and lower recorded detail
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dealing with film speed smaller crystals does what to the speed of the film and patient dose
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high record details, high patient dose
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The thickness of the active layerdoes what to the speed of the film
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Lower patient dose and that lowers recorded detail...faster film
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the higher the sensitivity specsdoes what to the speed of the film
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Faster film lower patient doseand lower recorded detail
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the system's replace traditional film with a usable detector
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digital radiography systems
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this system requires that both input and output data meet the same compatibility standards also known as language between systems
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DICOM2
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detectors currently used to acquire radio graphic images include photos sensible storage phosphor image called
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IP image plates
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the three types of detectors are
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imaging plate, charge coupled device, silicone and selenium receptor
IP, CCD, equal abbreviations |
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what are the two types of detectors
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direct and indirect conversion
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what type of system are used as a two-part process involving a scintillator (which converts income in x-ray photons to light) and a photodetector (which converts light into an electronic signal)
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indirect conversion
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this type of system includes does that use photosensible storage phosphor image plates (IP) , charge coupled devices (CCD) , and silicon
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indirect systems
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What creates 2 film at D Max or maximum density
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Duplication film
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The CR system is slower than DR
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The CR system is slower than DR
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The CR system consist of (computerized Radiology)
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1. Use PSP (phosphor plates) 2. Referred to as indirect 3. Not as fast as DR systems
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Digital Imaging consist of
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direct radiography and computed radiography
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DR (direct radiography)systems also known as wall detector
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1. I.R.s are directly connected, no PSPs 2. Process images faster than indirect systems
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Advantages of Digital imaging:
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Advantages of Digital imaging: 1. Less repeats i.e. less patient dose 2. Multiple viewing ability 3. Long term storage
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Disadvantages of Digital imaging:
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Disadvantages of Digital imaging: 1. Less thought to ALARA (LEAST AMOUNT OF RADIATION POSSIBLE) i.e. increase average dose 2. Initial high expense for equipment
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_______________ is what hospitals and staff use to acquire and transmit patient information.
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PACS (picture archiving and communication system) is what hospitals and staff use to acquire and transmit patient information.
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________________- a system of computer software standards that permit a wide range of digital imaging programs to understand one another
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DICOM Standard - a system of computer software standards that permit a wide range of digital imaging programs to understand one another
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______________: currently in use, responsible for much of the growth & acceptance of digital imaging.
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DICOM-3 Standard: currently in use, responsible for much of the growth & acceptance of digital imaging.
a. allows the interface of diverse systems, eg.: diagnostic radiography, CT, digital CXR, can all SHARE the SAME computer network & software filing system . prior to the introduction of DICOM-3, many systems, especially produced by different sources were unable to interface with each other. |
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A. crystal size B. thickness of the active layer c. # of sensitivity specks
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III. FILM SPEED, RBE (relative biologic exposure), & RD A. crystal size B. thickness of the active layer c. # of sensitivity specks
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Bigger crystal
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Faster film
lower patient dose lower recorded detail |
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Smaller crystal
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Slower film
High Patient dose high recorded detail |
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Number of sensitivity specks
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Higher SP
lower patient dose lower recorded detail |
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THICKNESS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER
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FASTER FILM
LOW PT DOSE LOW RECORDED DETAIL |
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All intensifying screens are not
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analog
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ability of substance to emit light due to excitation, there
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Luminescence
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Luminescence - ability of substance to emit light due to excitation, WHAT ARE THE 2 types?
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Fluorescence
Phosphorescence |
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light emission ONLY during exposure......the light is emitted within the time it takes an electron to complete one orbit of the affected shell electron (within one nanosecond)
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Fluorescence ----GOOD XRAY
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light emission during & AFTER exposure......when the light is emitted for a period longer than that neccessary for one orbit of the affected shell electron
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Phosphorescence ---BAD XRAY
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What form of luminescence is desirable because delayed emission of the light may permit the film to be removed from the cassette before the maximum latent image formation has occurred
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Maximum fluorescence and minimal phosphorescence
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Screen lag / Afterglow is delayed phosphorescent emission common in older intesifying screens with exhausted phosphors of WHAT type of luminescence
IE THE LIFE OF INTENSIFYING SCREEN IS 5 TO 7 YEARS |
Phosphorescence--BAD XRAY
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What are the types of Phosphors/Intensifying screens
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1. Calcium tungstate
2. Rare earth - gadolinium oxysulfide |
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The primary reason rare earth phosphors have gained widespread acceptance is because
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they offer increased speed while maintaining resolution when compared to similar speed calcium tungstate screen
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WHAT SCREENS HAVE AN XRAY TO LIGHT CONVERSION EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT FIVE PERCENT
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CALCIUM TUNGSTATE
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What screens have an xray to light conversation factor of 15 -20 %
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Rare Earth
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CALCIUM TUNGSTATE has higher patient dose
TRUE OR FALSE |
true
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1. Base
2. Reflective layer 3. Phosphor/crystal layer 4. Protective layer are parts of what |
Construction of intensifying screen
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99% LIGHT how much xray
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1% xray
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State the 2 purposes of intensifying screens.
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Low pt dose
Doesnt burn out |
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What are the factors that relate to screen speed
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What are the factors that relate to screen speed
Z# of phosphor Conversion efficiency Thickness of the active layer Reflective layer |
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As Z# (Atomic Mass) of phosphor increases
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film is faster
lower pt dose lower recorded detail |
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As Thickness of the active layer increase
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film is faster
pt dose lower recorded detail lower |
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Reflective layer is what color
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yellow
high recorded detail high patient dose |
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White
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fast
low recorded detail low patient dose |
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Poor screen contact creates
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Density
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Wire mesh test
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Look for areas that are darker and/or more blurry than the rest of the film. This indicates poor contact.
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Wire mesh test procedure
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Select a standard focal film distance (usually 40") and center the x-ray beam to the cassette. (Dental pan cassettes may need a greater distance to cover the full cassette.)
"Cone down" or restrict the primary beam to the outside edges of the cassette. Identify the cassette with lead numbers or letters corresponding to the I.D. on the screen inside. (All screens need identifying marks; e.g., numbers or letters that show up on each radiograph. This enables you to identify which cassette has a problem when one is observed.) Select a technique that will produce an optical density of approximately 2.0 on the developed film. For a 400 speed film-screen combination a technique of 65 kVp and 5 mAs is a starting point. Finding a technique to produce the 2.0 (± 0.5 O.D.) may take some trial and error. Remember that cassettes of a different speed (e.g., extremity) will require a different exposure. Record for future use the technique that produced the appropriate optical density on the film, the room used, and focal-film-distance used. Label, expose and process the film from each cassette. View each film on a view box in a dimly lit room from a distance of approximately six feet or more. Look for areas that are darker and/or more blurry than the rest of the film. This indicates poor contact. Do not try to identify poor contact by closely looking for fuzzy wires on the film. Areas of poor contact need to be evaluated as to their land size. An area of poor contact extending less than an inch from the edge into the film may not be a problem depending on the type of radiographs you take. If the area of poor contact could obscure important information on a radiograph, remove the cassette from service. |
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Wire mesh test are done on what type of instrument
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Radiographic Cassettes
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Screen film contact is important because lack of contact creates density in what radiolographic instrument
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Radiographic Cassettes
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Detail
Medium (par) Fast Rare Earth |
Radiographic Technique Considerations
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Detail 50 relative screen speed (high recorded detail/ high patient dose)
Medium (par)-- 100 RSS Fast---200 RSS Rare Earth---400 RSS (lower pt dose/ lower recorded detail) |
Screen speed levels
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40 - 60% relative humidity to reduce
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to reduce static electricity
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If humidity is below < 40% static will
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static will increase
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If humidity is above > 60%
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emulsion will swell
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How should the filmed be stored
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c. Film should be stored on end, not stacked
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chapter 8
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X ray film processing
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what is the conversion of the latent image to a manifest image by providing an abundance of electrons to the exposed silver halide crystals
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X ray film production
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what is the inner part of the shadow considered good
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Unbra
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what is the outer part of the shadow considered bad image distortion
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Penumbra
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what is the image of the invisible subatomic changes in the crystal lattice contained in the film emulsion before processing
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latent image
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what is the visible image on a radiograph produced by radiographic processing
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Manafest image
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large crystal with increase thick Layer is
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Rare earth
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what are the four steps to automatic film processing
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developer, fixer, wash , drying
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what part of the four steps of automatic film processing provides density
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Developer
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what part of the four steps of automatic film processing provides contrast
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fixer
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what part of the 4 steps of automatic film processing removes excess developer and fixer
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wash
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what are the three prime factors in development
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time in solution, temperature of solution, replenishment of the solution
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what are the four prime factors of radiographic exposure
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K vp, milliamperage, exposure time:distance
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what source of x-ray tube potential difference controls kinetic energy of the cathode ray
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Kilovoltage
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what controls the primary beam quality and has the greatest effect on the radiographic image because K v p has an influence on both
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Kilovoltage
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how do you get contrast on an image using a fixer
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photo sensitive agents are not use
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as time increases, density increases
as temperature increases, density increases as replenish fluids increases, density increases |
this is pertaining to automatic film processing variables are directly proportional
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what has the greatest effect on radio graphic image because kvp has an influence on both
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Penetration and quality
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Penetration and quality equals
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primary controller radiographic contrast
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quantity and intensity equals
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influences is on radiographic density
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what is the primary controller of radiographic contrast
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K v p
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what is the difference in densities on manifest image
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radiographic contrast
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high K v p and low mA equals
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long scale grey films low patient dose
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Low kvp and high mA equals
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short scale black and white films which is high patient does
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what rule says that the relationship between K v p and radiographic density is not linear
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15 percent rule
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a 15 percent decrease in k v p will cut the radiographic density
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in half
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a minimum of what percent in K v p is required to see hey noticeable change in radio graphic density
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5 percent
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when you make the scale of contrast longer using the 15 percent rule you do what to the K v p
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raise kvp
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to create shorter scale contrast what must you do to the kvp
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lower kvp
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what prompts Compton interaction
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shorter scale contrast
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what is the range of technical factors which well produce an acceptable radiographs
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exposure latitude
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with exposure latitude as K v p increases exposure latitude does what
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increases
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for every centimeter over the baseline technician mus increase K v p by 2what rule is this
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1 centimeter 2 kvp
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what are the three Kvp calculations
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1 centimeter 2 K vp rule
15 percent rule Milliamperage x exposure time = milliamperage seconds mA |
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The overall darkening of the manifest image sure too the black metallic silver caused by exposure to VISBLE light or xray photons are called
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radiographic density
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what are the two factors that effect radiographic density
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Ma and exposure time
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what controls the amount of thermionic emissions
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Ma
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the duration of the potential difference across the x-ray tube is called what
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Exposure time
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what is the primary controller of radiographic density on X ray tube
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Ma
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Ma radiographic density, patient exposure rate have what type of relationship
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linear
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Ma and exposure time have what of relationship
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Inversely proportional
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When setting A technique of 20 ma what can you manipulate for the desired effects
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you can manipulate time and ma
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if you double the ma what happens
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related biological exposure or rbe and radio graphic density are doubled
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If u cut ma in half
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The radiographic density and rbe are cut in 1/2
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a minimum change of what percent is required to see noticeable change in radio graphic density
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25 percent
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what rule states that for every 4 centimeters over the baseline technician must double the ma
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4 centimeters rule
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no amount of ma can compensate for insufficient
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Kvp
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What are the terms for distance
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Sid
ffd tfd afd |
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distance effects what three terms
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radiographic density
recorded detail exposure rate |
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what is also known as density maintenance formula where radiographic density is inversely related to the square of the distance
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Direct square law
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what statesthat the intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
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inverse square law
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what are the two relationships between density in contrast
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contrast cannot exist without sufficient density
contrast exist only because of penetration and density |
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what type of device affects the shape and size of the primary beam reduces primary biologic effect reduces scatter radiation and increases radio graphic quality on demand this image
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beam restricting devices
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what are the three types of beam restricting devices
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Aperture diaphragm
flared cones extension cylinders collimators |
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what type of diaphragm consist of a lead plate that is inexpensive but its disadvantge increases penumbra and only can yield an image on a fixed field slide
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Aperture diaphragm
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what are the two types of cones
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flared cones, extension cylinders
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what type of cone match the divergence of the primary beam and the disadvantages the device offers little improvement then the Aperture diaphragm and has a fixed field size
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flared cones
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what is an extendable Aperture diaphragmand the advantage is it reduces scatter at a greater distance from the tube port....andy disadvantage is that it has a fixed field size
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extension cylinder
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what is the most frequently used beam restricting device
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collimator
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What type of beam restricting device has two sets of lead shutters
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Collimators
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Variable field size, positioning light field, pbl positive beam limitationare all advantages and the disadvantages are very expensive high maintenance and not suitable for low kvp applications
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Collimatora
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technique considerations beam restriction and radiographic qualityhave what type of relationship
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directly proportional
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field size and patient dose have what type of relationship
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directly proportional
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what purpose absorbs long wavelength photonsand patient dose is inversely proportional
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filtration
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chapter 11
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grids
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a device which reduces the amount of scatter radiation which reaches the film and was invented by Gustav Bucky in 1913
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radiographic grid
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a series of lead absorbers with aluminum interspaces are called
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grids
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what are the types of grids
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linear parallel, linear focused,crossed grids, moving grids
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what type of grid has parallel lead strips and allows angulation along grid strips but the disadvantages are un avoided grid cut off not suitable for short Sid or ffd
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linear parallel grid
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the more the strips the higher the grid ratio true or false
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true
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what type of grid is more efficient
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focused grid
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what is the most simplest raid but is known for grid cut off
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linear parallel grid
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absorption of the primary beam by the grid is known as
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grid cut off
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what type of grid has lead strips at an angle to match the divergence of the primary beam and has a reduction in grid cut off but the disadvantages are grid alignment errors are more likely and grid focal range is more critical
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linear focused grid
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what grid strips in opposite directions advantages are its excellent for cleanup but disavantages are requires perfect cr alignment,
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crossed grid
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what type of grid has an oscillating table and reciprocating Franklin head units
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moving grids
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what are the four major types of grid positioning errors
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upside down, off level, lateral decentering, grid focus decentering
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what type of error only on focused grids
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upside down
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what type of error happens on all type of grids
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off level
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what type of error occurs with focused grids and crossed grids
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lateral decentering
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what type of error occurs out of grid focall range
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grid focus decentering
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what are the considerations for grid selection
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focused, crossed grids, Low ratio grids
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the use of this grid is in routine work, large fields
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focused grid
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this type of grid is used to produce large amounts of scatter example by plane angiography
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crossed grids
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what type of grid is use for mobile radiographigy
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low ratio grades
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10 inches of 0fd creates what type of grid
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15:1 grid
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grid ratio and patient dose have what type of relationship
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directly proportional
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chapter 12
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Filtration
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the purpose of the filtration of the primary beamconsist of
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reduction in patient skin dose, hardens the x-ray beam, absorbs the lower energy long wavelength photons, will decrease the intensity of the primary beam
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what are the types of filtration
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inherent filtration, added: filtration
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what type of filtration consist of the tube port, collimator mirror, glass envelope, and cooling oil
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inherent filtration
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what type of filtration has aluminum sheets which are placed between the tube port and the collimator
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added filtration
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techniques with filters as radiographic density decreases compensate with what
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increased ma
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radiographic density will be effected the most at what settings
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Low kvp
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filtration and radiographic contrast have what type of relationship
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inversely proportional
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how many millimeters of total filtration will reduce patient skin does by 80 percent
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3 millimeters
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what is anything thickness of a specified absorber which will reduce the intensity of a specific radiation by 1/2also used to measure primary beam quality
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half value layer
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Kvp and half value layer have what type of relationship
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they are directly proportional
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what type of filter provide uniform radiographic density for body parts with varied thickness and anatomic densities
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compensating filters
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what are the three types of compensating filters
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wedge, trough, lead impregnated glass filter
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filtration will cause a decrease in what type of density
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radiographic density
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filtration will cause radio graphs to be of lower
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contrast
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how tightly the molecules of the part to be, not packed together related to Z's number or atomic mass
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anatomic density
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the overall blackening of the radiographic film due to the accumulation of black metallic silver
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radiographic density
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the difference in radio graphic densities in the manifest image
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radiographic contrast
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