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108 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is educational psychology?
The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well.
Define developmental crisis.
A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage.
Define autonomy.
Independence.
Define initiative.
-willingness to begin new activities and explore new directions
Define syntax.
The order of words in phrases or sentences.
Define metalinguistic awareness.
Understanding about one's own use of language.
Define psychosocial.
Describing the relation of the individual's emotional needs to the social environment.
Define industry.
Eagerness to engage in productive work.
Define descriptive research.
Research that collects detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods.
Define Correlation research.
Looks at how closely two variables are related.
Define experimental research.
A research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded.
Define action research.
Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and learning for their students.
Define portfolio.
A collection of the student's work in an area, showing growth, self-reflection, and achievement.
Define cognitive development.
Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.
Define maturation.
Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time.
Define gender bias.
Different views of males and females, often favoring one gender over the other.
Define code switching.
Successful switching between cultures in language, dialect, or nonverbal behaviors to fit the situation.
Define ethnicity.
A cultural heritage shared by a group of people.
Define discrimination.
Treating or acting unfairly toward particular categories of people.
Define Socioeconomic status or SES.
Relative standing in the society based on income, power, background, and prestige.
Define cultural deficit model.
A model that explains the school achievement problems of ethnic minority students by assuming that their culture is inadequate and does not prepare them to succeed in school.
Define myelination.
The process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient.
Define equilibrium.
Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes or creating new ones in response to new information.
Define zone of proximal development.
Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support.
Define co-constructed process.
A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants.
Define concrete operation.
A mental task tied to concrete objects and situations.
Define socio-cultural theory.
Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society.

-children learn the culture of their community (ways of thinking and behaving) through these interactions.
Define lateralization.
The specialization of the two hemispheres (sides) of the brain cortex.
Define synapse.
The tiny space between neurons--chemical messages are sent across these gaps.
Define scaffolding.
Support for learning and problem solving. The support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem sown into steps, providing an examples, or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner.
Define gender schema.
Organized networks of knowledge about what it means to be male or female.
Define English as a Second Language or ESL.
Designation for programs and classes to teach English to students who are not native speakers of English.
Define bilingualism.
Speaking two languages fluently.
Define stereotype.
Schema that organizes knowledge or perceptions about a category.
Define prejudice.
Prejudgment or irrational generalization about an entire category of people.
Define tracking.
Assignment to different classes and academic experiences based on achievement.
What is an expert teacher according to the book?
1. know the academic subjects they teach.
2. Know general teaching strategies that apply in all subjects (principles of classroom management, effective teaching)
3. Know the curriculum materials and programs appropriate for their subject and grade level.
4. Know subjects specific knowledge for teaching: special ways of teaching certain students and particular concepts.
5. Know the characteristics and cultural backgrounds of learners.
6. Know the settings in which students learn. (pairs, small groups, teams)
7. know the goals and purposes of teaching.
Is teaching common sense?
-NO! That's why we have Ed. psych.
What are the three types of research?
Experimental, descriptive, and correlational.
What are the three influences of the brain?
1. DNA (limits and provides opportunity)
2. Experience
3. People
What are the 5 questions and/or behaviors that distinguish how an individual's brain is organized?
1. Cognitive processing
2. social/emotional
3. moral/spiritual
4. Gender
5. physical
What are the theorists for the 5 behaviors/ questions of the brain?
1. Piaget/Vygotsky- cognitive
2. Erickson, Gilligan- social/emotional
3. Fowler, Kohlberg, Marica- moral/spiritual
4. Gilligan-gender
5. None-physical
How do we measure the brain's ability?
Vocabulary and Math
What are the hurdles that effect human development?
1. Abuse and neglect
2. SES

*We have a choice to decide what our hurdles will be.
What are the developmental transitions the brain goes through?
1. Prenatal
2. Infancy
3. Toddler
4. Primary
5. Upper Elementary
6. Middle School
7. High School
What are the types of abuse and neglect? Describe.
1. Physical Abuse
-bruises, burns, etc.
2. Sexual Abuse
3. Physical neglect
-abandonment
-consistent hunger
-unattended medical needs
4. Emotional abuse
-secluded from family
-told their not loved, etc.
What are the indicators of each type of abuse?
1. Physical
-bruises, cuts, burns, etc.
-withdrawn and aggressive
-wears clothing to cover up at all times
-uncomfortable with physical contact
2. Sexual abuse
-difficulty walking or sitting
-blood
-pain or itching
-withdrawn
-promiscuity
-inappropriate sex play
-threatened by physical contact
3. Physical neglect
-unattended medical needs
-lack of supervision
-self-destructive
-steals food, begs from classmates
-frequently absent or school drop-out for high school
4. Emotional abuse
-not given the same quality of clothing etc. as their siblings
-criticizes oneself
-withdrawn
-
What can a teacher do and how can they support an abused child?
-make a report to Child Protective Services and also law enforcement if they are in clear and imminent danger
-listen to the child and show them that you can be trusted
-have curriculum to help the child succeed in the classroom
ex. writing assignments for expressing feelings, assignments that give them self-concept, etc.
-have a structured classroom
Define self-concept.
Individuals' knowledge and beliefs about themselves--their ideas, feelings, attitudes, and expectations.
Define self-esteem.
The value each of us places on our own characteristics, abilities, and behaviors.
What are some weaknesses of Piaget's theory?
-children and adults often think in ways that are inconsistent with the notion of invariant stages
-he underestimated children's cognitive abilities
-he also overlooked cultural factors in child development
What is Piaget's theory?
-our thinking processes change radically, through slowly, from birth to maturity because we constantly strive to make sense of the world
-four factors: biological, maturation, activity, social experiences and equilibration which all influence changes in our thinking
-4 stages: Sensiomotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
What is Vygotsky's theory?
-he believed that our specific mental structures can be traced to our interactions with others
-they create our cognitive structures and thinking processes
-the tools of culture (esp. language) are key factors in development
-the zone of proximal development are where learning and development are possible
What is the problem of the match?
-students must be neither bored by work that is too simple nor left behind by teaching they cannot understand.
-disequilibrium must be carefully balanced to encourage growth
What are the weaknesses of Vygotsky's theory?
-may have overemphasized the role of social interaction and in cognitive development
-because he died young, never was able to develop and elaborate on his theories
How does self concept develop?
-evolves through constant self-evaluation in different situations

Young Children
-based on their own improvement over time
-ease or difficulty in learning how to read

Middle School and up
-tied to physical appearance, social acceptance and also school achievement
-achievement in Math boosts self concept
What is Gilligan's contribution to Kohlberg's theory?
-Carol proposed a different sequence of moral development, an "ethic of care"
-suggests that individuals move from a focus on self-interest to moral reasoning based on commitment to specific individuals and relationships, and then to highest level of morality based on the principles of responsibility and care for all people
What is the difference between melting pot and multicultural education?
Melting pot: A metaphor for the absorption and assimilation of immigrants into the mainstream of society so that ethnic differences vanish

Multicultural education:Education that promotes equity in the schooling of all students
Erikson's 8 Stages of Development
1. Basic trust vs. basic mistrust ( Birth to 12-18 mos.)

2. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (18 mos to 3)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)

4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-12)

5. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)

6. Intimacy vs. isolation (Young adulthood)

7. Generativity vs. stagnation (Middle adulthood)

8. Ego integrity vs. despair (Late adulthood)
List 3 characteristics that Whitworth would add to Woolfolk's expert teacher list.
1. Is Caring
2. Thinks and shares
3. is Creative
List examples of descriptive research.
1. Interviewing a teacher.
2. Case study- how a teacher plans courses or how a student tries to learn specific material
List examples of correlational research.
-height and weight
-number of teachers without a math minor or major increases, student math achievement decreases
Define cognitive processing
how the brain processes infomation and where it stores it.
Define case study.
intensive study of one person or situation
Define positive correlation.
A relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together.

Ex. Calorie intake and weight gain
Define negative correlation.
A relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on teh other.

Ex. height and distance between top of head to top of ceiling
Define action research.
systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and learning for their students.
What is PRAXIS?
It is a test that needs to be passed in order to receive your teaching license.
-it gives you practice and expert ideas about how to apply educational psychology to analyze cases.
What was Piaget's theory based on?
-the idea that people try to make sense of the world and actively create knowledge through direct experiences with objects, people, and ideas.
What are the four stages of Piaget's theory?
1. sensiomotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete
4. formal operational
What are the three clocks?
1. Biological
2. Social (society expectations)
3. Psychological (passage of time)
What is the importance of attachment and separation or independence?
The brain must have attachment to develop normally, but it must also learn independence in order to create self-concept and good self-esteem.
Explain Erickson's theory.
-emphasized the emergence of teh self, the search for identity, the individual's relationships with others, and the role of culture throughout life.
-psychosocial theory
Important Event: Basic trust vs. mistrust
feeding
Important Event: Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
toilet training
Important Event: Initiative vs. guilt
Independence
Important Event: Industry vs. inferiority
School
Important Event: Identity vs. role confusion
Peer relationships
Important Event: Intimacy vs. isolation
Love relationships
Important Event: Generativity vs. stagnation
Parenting/Mentoring
Important Event: Ego vs. despair
Reflection on and acceptance of one's life.
What are James Marcia's contribution to Erickson's theory?
-suggests that there are four identity alternatives for adolescents , depending on whether thay have explored options and made commitments

1. identity diffusion-occurs when individuals do not explore any options or commit to any actions (no firm direction)
2. Identity foreclosure- commitment without exploration
3. Moratorium- identity crisis; suspension of choices because of struggle
4. Identity achievement- strong sense of commitment to life choices after free consideration of alternatives
What was Kohlberg's contribution to moral development in relation to Piaget?
-proposed a detailed sequence of stages of moral reasoning, or judgments about right and wrong
-divided moral development into three levels:
1. preconventional, where judgment is based solely on a person's own needs and perceptions
2. conventional- where the expectations of society and law are taken into account
3. post-conventional- where judgments are based on abstract, more personal principles of justice that are not necessarily defined by society's laws
Define and give examples of culturally relevant pedagogy.
-an approach to teaching that used the cultural knowledge, prior experiences, frames of references, and learning styles of ethnically diverse students to make learning encounters more relevant and effective for them.

three propositions:
1. students must experience academic success
2. develop/maintain their cultural experience
3. develop a critical consciousness to challenge the status quo
What is the relationship between low-income students and school achievement?
-they are closely related
-high SES students have higher achievement on tests and stay in school longer than low SES students
-poverty during early childhood has the greatest negative impact
-low SES students lose academic ground outside school over the summer
-could all be due to suffer from inadequate health care, low self-esteem, lower teacher expectations, and understimulating home environments
What the brain needs or eats?
1. H2O
2. Variety
3. Music
4. Play
5. Air

-peppermint
How do messages travel in the brain?
-through signals that move through neurons electronically

Process:
-an electrical impulse arises in the dendrite or cell body and then travels down the length of the axon

-the electrical signal reaching the end of the axon serves as the trigger for release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

-signals move from neuron to neuron or neuron to other tissue most often by chemical signals, sent across a synapse or neural junction. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters.
Define Brain Stem.
Responsible for life support, breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
Define cerebellum.
-means "little brain"
-responsible for balance, muscle tone, posture, coordination, and rote activities such as playing a song from memory
Define limbic system.
-also known as the emotional brian
-also vital in processing memory and relating to environment
-deals with behavior and emotional expression dealing with feeding,mating, reproduction, etc.
Define amygdala
-responsible for rage, aggression and expression of sexuality
-involved in processing and recalling memories
-receives input from the olfactory bulb
Define corpus callosum.
-the main band of fibers connecting the two halves of the cortex
-this is how the hemispheres communicate with each other
Define thalamus.
-responsible for processing all sensory input as it enters the brain before transmitting it to the appropriate parts of the cerebral cortex
Define cerebral cortex.
-where most of our thought processing takes place
-divided into left and right hemispheres
-the major areas of the cortex are frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
Define frontal lobes.
-in the front of the cortex
-responsible for planning ahead, making predictions, and thinking and processing thoughts
-contains the motor cortex, pre-frontal lobes, and Broca's area where the articulation of speech takes place
Define temporal lobe.
-uppermost part processes hearing, and the inner surface plays a significant role in processing long-term memory
-also responsible for processing languages
-involved in integrating sensory functions (auditory, visual, and touch)
Define parietal lobe.
-where touch is processed
-sensory cortex in the front strip of the parietal lobe where all pain, touch, and pressure and temperature receptors are located here
List examples of experimental research.
-cause and effect
-If teachers ignore students who are out of their seats without permission and praise students who are working hard at their desks, will students spend more time working at their desks?
What occurs during the sensiomotor stage?
-infants explore the world through motor skills and activities
-learn object permanence and performing goal-directed activities
What occurs during the preoperational stage?
-symbolic thinking and logical operations begin
What occurs during the concrete operations stage?
-can think logically about tangible situations and can demonstrate conservation, reversibility, classification, and seriation
What occurs during the formal operation stage?
-perform hypothetico-deductive reasoning, coordinate a set
-imagine other worlds
What is one thing that the book thinks is true about expert teachers?
They deal with new events as if they were new problems.
The "art vs. science" issue in teaching is probably best answered by the statement that teaching requires
A. the ability to learn and apply specific rules.
B. The use of scientific methods
C. imagination and, there, is an art.
D. learned skills and creativity
D
Explain the zone of proximal development.
Below this zone is what the learner already knows (don't teach cuz it is too boring)

Above this zone what the learner is not yet ready or able to learn (Don't teach; too difficult)
What are Gilligan's levels of moral reasoning?
"ethic of care"
What influences moral behavior?
-direct instruction, supervision, rewards and punishments, and correction
-modeling
What was James Fowler's contribution?
He believed that children develop faith through stages

1. Intuitive-Projective faith
-child can be permanently influenced by examples, actions, moods or stories
2. Mythic-Literal faith
-person begins to take on for him or herself the stories, beliefs, and observances that symbolize belonging to his or her community
3. Synthetic-Conventional Faith
-a person's experience of the world now extends beyond the family
4. Double-Development
-self now claims an identity no longer defined by the composite of ones' roles or meanings to others
5. Conjunctive faith
-involves the integration into self and outlook of much that was suppressed or unrecognized in the interest of Stage 4's self certainty and conscious cognitive and affective adaptation to reality
6. The persons described by it have generated faith compositions in which their felt sense of an ultimate environment is inclusive of all being.