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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Jean Piaget? What is his theory?
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Swiss psychologist who studied children.
People learn by exploring their world and building on what they already know. |
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What are Piaget's 6 sub-stages of the sensorimotor stage?
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Simple reflexes.
primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular, tertiary circular reactions, internalization of schemes |
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what is the simple reflex stage?
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Involuntary, unlearned responses to stimuli
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What is the primary circular reactions stage?
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Chance reactions that center around the baby's body
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What is the secondary circular reactions?
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Chance behaviors become strengthened as repeated and become centered around outside obejects
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What is the coordination of secondary circular reactions?
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Goal directed behaviors, trial and error behaviors. Object permanence comes is learned during this period.
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What is tertiary circular reactions?
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Novelty and curiosity. Experimental and creative problem solving. Repeat behaviors with variations in results
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What is internalization of schemes (mental representation)?
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Image and concepts are internalized. Babies are able to pretend, memorize, categorize.
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Sigmund Freud's 5 psychosexual stages
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Oral, anal, phallic, latency (repression due to child developing social skills), and genital (reawakening)
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Freud's 3 parts of personality
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Id: Devil. Seeks pleasure
Superego: Conscience, good side. Ego: Reasoning part, balances other 2 parts |
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Charles Darwin
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Naturalist who made baby biographies of his own children
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Erik Erikson
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Psychosocial stages, rather than sexual stages. We learn more by social and cultural factors
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Bronfenbrebrenner's theory and 5 systems
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Development is influenced by several types of environment. They influence each other
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem |
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Microsystem:
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Family, school, work, environment
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Mesosystem
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connections between contexts, such as home and school
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Exosystem
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Social institutions indirectly affect development. (Parent's workplace rules)
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Macrosystem
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Global and predominant cultural influences (Eastern vs Western culture.)
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Chronosystem
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Events in history. historical and time aspect in development
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Principles of growth
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cephalocodal - large head to body ratio
Proximodistal- growth begins at trunk and grows outward |
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synaptic pruning
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When children are not adequately stimulated, neurons die off
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nature vs nurture
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controversy of what influences development. nature: heredity, nurture: environment
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trust vs mistrust
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Erikson's 1st stage, occurs in first year of life. Infant learns trust in caregiver or not as needs are met
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Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
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Erikson's 2nd stage, 1-3 years. As infant learns their own will, they learn shame if punished too harshly.
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adolescent and older age mothers
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higher risk pregnancies
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3 stages of pregnancy
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germinal: zygote forms
Embryonic: embryo Fetal: fetus |
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5 senses in infants
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Touch: 1st to develop
Taste/smell: developed at birth Hearing: sensitive, improves after 3-4 mo Vision: Least developed |
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Folic acid importance
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prevents premature delivery and neural defects
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cesaerean delivery
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surgical removal of baby due to complications
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APGAR scale
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Appearance
Pulse Grimace Activity Respiratory |
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Identical and fraternal twins
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Identical twins are developed from 1 zygote that splits into 2 identical ones. Fraternal twins develop from separate eggs and separate sperm.
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Teratogens
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Drugs, chemicals, viruses/illnesses, radiation, lead and mercury
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attachment styles
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Emotional and physical contact. Secure. Okay with parent leaving and returning
Avoidant: Angry when parent leaves, unresponsive when they return. Resistant: Anxious and upset. clingy upon return. Disorganized: Confusion caused by inconsistent parenting or abuse |
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What is human growth and development?
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The science of studying growth, change, and stability from conception until death
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