Ecs Midterm

Front 1

an examination skill performed through observation; the first skill used in the evaluation and treatment of a patient

Back 1

visual appraisal

Front 2

in order to be __, the visual appraisal must help you draw a conclusion or make a decision

Back 2

valid

Front 3

in order to be __, there must be agreement about the visual appraisal among observers

Back 3

reliable

Front 4

achieved by measuring small, well defined units

Back 4

reliability

Front 5

achieved by measuring large units, looking at the overall picture

Back 5

validity

Front 6

things to do when keeping good body mechanics:

Back 6

flex the knees, never rotate the trunk, maintain the normal lumbar curve, keep the load as close to you as possible

Front 7

these two spinal areas have lordotic curves

Back 7

cervical and lumbar

Front 8

this spinal area has a kyphotic curve

Back 8

thoracic

Front 9

this posture is when the person's upper trunk is swayed posteriorly and the pelvis is swayed anteriorly (and sometimes the knees are hyperextended)

Back 9

swayback posture

Front 10

these positions are bad for you if you have back strain, stiffness, or pain

Back 10

lying flat on the back, using high pillow behind the head, and lying flat on the stomach

Front 11

these are things you should do when you have back strain, stiffness, or pain

Back 11

use pillow to help support the normal curve of your spine, and change position every 20-30 minutes

Front 12

this is used to keep the tongue away from the back of the throat and facilitates suctioning of the airway (places the tongue in the proper position and makes it easier for the patient to breathe)

Back 12

oropharyngeal airway

Front 13

the more variable type of oxygen delivery

Back 13

low flow

Front 14

the more fixed type of oxygen delivery

Back 14

high flow

Front 15

formula for hospital type E cylinders for amount of time left in tank

Back 15

Pounds per square inch x k (k=.28 for E cylinder, PSI read off regulator dial)

Front 16

the fraction of inspired oxygen (the percent of inhaled air that is oxygen)

Back 16

FiO2

Front 17

room air is about __% oxygen

Back 17

21

Front 18

the purpose of this equipment is to assess the O2 saturation of the patient

Back 18

pulse oximeter

Front 19

things that can decrease the accuracy of the pulse oximeter

Back 19

cold fingers, nail polish, darker skin, motion, cardiac arrhythmias

Front 20

this is a low flow oxygen system that increases the oxygen concentration the patient breathes in; ranges usually from 24-44%

Back 20

nasal cannula (NC)

Front 21

1 L/min is __% O2 in nasal cannula

Back 21

24

Front 22

2 L/min is __% O2 in nasal cannula

Back 22

28

Front 23

3 L/min is __% O2 in nasal cannula

Back 23

32

Front 24

4 L/min is __% O2 in nasal cannula

Back 24

36

Front 25

5 L/min is __% O2 in nasal cannula

Back 25

40

Front 26

6 L/min is __% O2 in nasal cannula

Back 26

44

Front 27

this piece of equipment is best for patients needing more than 6 L/min oxygen

Back 27

high flow nasal cannula

Front 28

the highest %age of oxygen in the high flow nasal cannula is __%

Back 28

75

Front 29

this is a specialized nasal cannula with an oxygen reservoir that conserves O2; it uses 25-75% less oxygen (the less O2 needed by patient, the higher savings of O2); good way to deliver oxygen at home

Back 29

oxymizer

Front 30

people who breathe through their __ get a higher FiO2

Back 30

mouth

Front 31

this is an oxygen system that increases the oxygen concentration to around 35-55%; must be kept at 8-10 L/min

Back 31

face mask

Front 32

this is an oxygen system that provides a more specific oxygen concentration to the patient than other devices; FiO2 is 24-50%; easy system to use when ambulating patients; allows room air to be added

Back 32

Venturi system

Front 33

this is a mask with an oxygen reservoir (bag) that provides a higher amount of oxygen to the patient; the advantage is that it requires a lower flow of oxygen for the FiO2 needed

Back 33

Partial non-rebreather

Front 34

this is a noninvasive measurement of the partial pressure of CO2 in exhaled breath expressed as the CO2 concentration over time; graphically represented by the CO2 waveform; provides instant information about ventilation, perfusion, and metabolism

Back 34

end tidal CO2/capnography

Front 35

this equipment aids in breathing/protecting the airway when a patient is on a ventilator; if this tube is pulled out, it may cause injury to the vocal cords

Back 35

endotracheal tube

Front 36

this is a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs; patients needing this machine may still be able to ambulate

Back 36

ventilator

Front 37

this is a manual resuscitation bag used to manually ventilate patients that have a tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube; to stimulate a cough, supplement oxygen, and add to the normal volume of air during breath; it can be used during ambulation of patients when a portable ventilator is unavailable; may also be used during suctioning procedures

Back 37

Ambu bag

Front 38

this is an artificial airway in the trachea that aids in breathing and protecting the airway; it is performed to decrease tracheal or vocal cord injury and also when patients need prolonged intubation

Back 38

tracheostomy tube

Front 39

this is a valve used to restore verbal communication skills of a patient requiring a trach, and also assists in coughing up secretions

Back 39

Passy Muir Speaking Valve (PMSV)

Front 40

the patient must be at __% SPO2 in order to wear a PMSV all day

Back 40

90%

Front 41

the patient must wear a __ __ __ __ prior to receiving a speaking valve assessment

Back 41

High humidity trach collar (HHTC)

Front 42

this is an oxygen delivery system via high humidity which is needed to warm and add moisture; the FiO2 ranges from 20-100% depending upon the patient's need; can use the venturi system with this when ambulating

Back 42

trach collar

Front 43

this is used to aide the patient in removing secretions; do not hold this for more than 10 seconds and watch the heart rate; patient may need hyperoxygenation or hyperventilation during this procedure

Back 43

suctioning

Front 44

the purpose of this tube is to drain air or fluid from the pleural space to restore normal respiratory function; it can also be placed in the mediastinal space; the CT bottle should remain below the patient's chest and you should encourage shoulder ROM, deep breathing, and ambulation

Back 44

chest tube

Front 45

this test evaluates heart rate and rhythm

Back 45

electrocardiogram

Front 46

this device substitutes for the defective natural pacemaker of the heart; no shoulder flexion/abduction past 90, no extreme shoulder extension, no pulling up in bed from armpit area

Back 46

pacemaker

Front 47

this type of pacemaker is usually placed once the chest is open during cardiac surgery; the electrodes are screwed or sewn into the outside of the heart muscle

Back 47

epicardial

Front 48

this type of pacemaker has leads that are attached inside the right atrium and ventricle via the subclavian or left cephalic vein with the generator in an infraclavicular pocket

Back 48

endocardial

Front 49

this type of pacemaker is often seen in acute care, especially s/p cardiac surgery; it can be sewn to the outside of the heart and wires exit just under the xiphoid process

Back 49

temporary

Front 50

this is a defibrillator worn just outside of the chest; it continuously senses the patient's EKG by non-adhesive electrodes and a monitor; it alarms prior to providing the shock so that if the patient is alert, they can stop the shock; this is for patients who do not meet the criteria for an ICD but recently had a coronary event, for those with an infection from the ICD, or those being treated with drug therapy

Back 50

cardioverter-defibrillator LifeVest

Front 51

this is used to shock the heart with certain life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and to pace the heart with regular or overdrive pacing

Back 51

Automated Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (AICD)

Front 52

this is the use of a balloon attached to a catheter to help an impaired heart receive more oxygen and work better; during systole, the balloon deflates lowering the resistance to aortic blood flow, and during diastole, the balloon inflates, pushing blood back to the heart to nourish itself; the patient cannot sit because they can't go past 30º of hip flexion

Back 52

intra-aortic balloon pump

Front 53

these devices are for patients with end-stage cardiac failure usually used as a bridge to a heart transplant; it acts as a circulatory assist on the left and/or right ventricle

Back 53

ventricular assistive devices

Front 54

this is a device used only in ICU settings; the venoarterial route bypasses the heart and lungs therefore supporting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems; used for patients that maximal ventilation and maximal pharmacological intervention was first tried, and without it they would die

Back 54

Ecmo

Front 55

this is used to measure cardiac output as well as the pressures in the heart and between the heart and lungs; these values tell how the heart and lungs are functioning; it may cause cardiac arrhythmias if pulled out; check the position before and after moving a patient

Back 55

Swan Ganz catheter

Front 56

this is a line that is continuously measuring a patient's blood pressure and drawing blood to obtain blood gas concentrations

Back 56

arterial line

Front 57

the arterial line is usually placed in the __ artery

Back 57

radial

Front 58

the purpose of this equipment is to give fluids and medications to the circulatory system

Back 58

intravenous catheter (IV catheter)

Front 59

this is used for the administration of medications blood, etc, and has three ports; diagnostically it is used to determine central venous pressures and withdraw blood; usually for long term use and can be placed if a regular IV is too difficult to place

Back 59

central catheter

Front 60

this pump is used for pain control; with it, pain medications are delivered through an IV, and a local anesthetic is delivered through the epidural catheter numbing the nerve roots as they enter the spine; must watch blood pressure

Back 60

patient controlled analgesia pump (PCA pump) and epidural

Front 61

this is a self-contained suction system used to evacuate fluids from the wound; they may be pinned to a gown

Back 61

Jackson Pratt/Hemovac

Front 62

the purpose of this tube is to empty the stomach of gas/air and digestive fluids; for feeding the patient; do not lie the patient flat after feeding!

Back 62

nasogastric tube

Front 63

this tube aides in feeding especially for those who cannot swallow or chew food but have a functioning GI tract; it is inserted into the nose and ends either at the beginning of the intestines or the stomach; don't lie the patient flat

Back 63

Dobhoff tube (feeding tube)

Front 64

the purpose of this tube is to give long term nutrition to patients with a swallowing impairment

Back 64

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube

Front 65

the purpose of this tube is to give long term nutrition to patients with defective gastric emptying or post-op backup when gastric tone is inadequate; with this tube, gastric suction is needed for lower aspiration and feeding

Back 65

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) tube

Front 66

this is used to remove toxic materials and maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance since the kidneys are impaired; patients may have low endurance

Back 66

dialysis

Front 67

this is an acute care dialysis catheter

Back 67

Quinton catheter

Front 68

blood cells are removed and exchanged to manage a problem during this procedure (i.e. to put it back in without toxins, antibodies, or to decrease hyperviscosity)

Back 68

plasmapheresis

Front 69

the purpose of this is to serve as a substitute anus; it is the opening of some portion of the colon onto the abdominal surface (stoma) in order for the feces to be eliminated out of the body and into the collection pouch); it may be secondary to trauma/disease/surgery and can be temporary

Back 69

colostomy

Front 70

this is a device for incontinent patients with liquid stool; it helps decrease skin breakdown and infection; bag must be kept lower than the buttocks and the tube may need to be drained prior to sitting the patient upright

Back 70

fecal containment device

Front 71

this is used for evacuation of urine and measuring urine output; it should be secured to the patient's thigh before getting the patient upright

Back 71

Foley catheter

Front 72

this is a catheter that is an external one held in place by a condom-like device

Back 72

condom catheter

Front 73

this is a catheter that is inserted through the skin above the symphysis pubis into the distended bladder and sutured to the abdominal skin

Back 73

suprapubic catheter

Front 74

this device measures the pressure surrounding the brain; pressures are normal between 4-15 mm Hg and must be kept below 20-25 mm Hg; the head of the bed should be less than 30º and head in a neutral position

Back 74

intracranial pressure monitor

Front 75

this is a flexible small tube in the subarachnoid space of the lumbar area to drain extra cerebrospinal fluid

Back 75

lumbar drain

Front 76

this is a flexible small tube placed in the ventricle to drain extra CSF

Back 76

ventriculostomy

Front 77

this is used for removal of slough or exudate from the wound, provides a moist environment, and increases circulation to the wound, reducing edema and bacteria

Back 77

Wound Vac

Front 78

the purpose of this equipment is for transportation of patients in a recumbent position; stand near the patient's head when pushing, and use a deliberate pace and move slowly over thresholds

Back 78

stretcher

Front 79

this equipment is used to provide a means of standing without bending, to provide a means of introducing upright posture in a gradual manner, and to provide a controlled environment for weight bearing on lower extremities; must consider hypotension and WBstatus

Back 79

tilt table

Front 80

this device provides mode of transportation when the patient is unable to use legs

Back 80

wheelchair

Front 81

this device is used to provide a means for a single caregiver to safely transfer a completely dependent individual with relatively little effort

Back 81

hydraulic/Hoyer lift

Front 82

this is used to preserve the modesty of a patient, to promote the comfort/warmth of a patient, and to provide access to a body segment to be treated or observed

Back 82

draping

Front 83

the normal range for resting heart rate

Back 83

60-100 beats per minute

Front 84

this represents the strength of the heart's stroke volume

Back 84

pulse force

Front 85

number of pulse force given to a full and bounding pulse

Back 85

3+

Front 86

number of pulse force given to a normal pulse

Back 86

2+

Front 87

number of pulse force given to a weak and thready pulse

Back 87

+1

Front 88

number of pulse force given to an absent pulse

Back 88

0

Front 89

this is the most accessible site for temperature measurement, but should not be used in patients that could be injured, who are unable to hold it, or who might bite down on it (such as infants or children, unconscious clients, or with trauma to face or mouth)

Back 89

mouth

Front 90

this place to measure temperature is thought to provide the most reliable measurement, but should not be used with clients after rectal surgery, who have hemorrhoids or another rectal disorder, or clients who cannot be positioned for proper thermometer placement (i.e. in traction)

Back 90

rectal

Front 91

this is the safest method of temperature measurement because it's noninvasive, but is also the least accurate

Back 91

axillary

Front 92

this is the quickest and safest method of temperature measurement if done properly; offers two settings, rectal and oral; if not placed in ear correctly, reading will be inaccurate

Back 92

tympanic

Front 93

normal range of oral temperature

Back 93

97.7 to 99.5 ºF, 36.5 o 37.5 ºC

Front 94

normal range of rectal temperature

Back 94

98.7 to 100.5º F, 37.1 to 38.1 ºC

Front 95

normal range of axillary temperature

Back 95

96.7 to 98.5 ºF, 35.9 to 36.9 ºC

Front 96

normal HR in children over 15

Back 96

75-80 beats per minute

Front 97

normal respiratory rate in children over 15

Back 97

16-18 breaths per minute

Front 98

normal blood pressure in children over 15

Back 98

120/80

Front 99

this is the first sound in the blood pressure measurement

Back 99

systolic pressure

Front 100

this is the measurement when the sound goes away

Back 100

diastolic pressure

Front 101

the larger side of the stethoscope

Back 101

diaphragm

Front 102

the smaller side of the stethoscope

Back 102

bell

Front 103

if hemoglobin is less than __, the patient should not exercise

Back 103

8

Front 104

this occurs when the heart rate is "irregularly irregular", without any pattern

Back 104

atrial fibrillation

Front 105

this is a condition when the heart rate is above 100 beats per minute

Back 105

tachycardia

Front 106

this is a condition when the heart rate is below 60 beats per minute

Back 106

bradycardia

Front 107

this pulse is taken between the trachea and sternocleidomastoid muscle under the mandible

Back 107

carotid

Front 108

this pulse is taken just medial to the radial styloid process and lateral to the flexor carpi radialis tendon on the volar surface of the forearm

Back 108

radial pulse

Front 109

this pulse it taken just lateral to the flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 109

ulnar pulse

Front 110

this is the number of times a person inhales and exhales in a minute

Back 110

respiration

Front 111

normal range for respiration

Back 111

12-20 breaths per minute

Front 112

this is a condition when someone breathes for greater than 20 breaths per minute

Back 112

hyperpnea

Front 113

this is a condition when someone breathes for less than 12 breaths per minute

Back 113

bradypnea

Front 114

left ventricle contraction, creates systolic arterial pressure

Back 114

systole

Front 115

left ventricle relaxation, creates diastolic arterial pressure

Back 115

diastole

Front 116

this is the instrument used to measure blood pressure

Back 116

sphygmomanometer

Front 117

this pulse is measured just medial to the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa, or under the biceps in the midshaft of the humerus

Back 117

brachial pulse

Front 118

normal blood pressure ranges

Back 118

90/60-140/90 mm Hg

Front 119

normal SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) level

Back 119

greater than 95%

Front 120

level at which SaO2 may require additional oxygen supplementation

Back 120

less than 90%

Front 121

do not exercise someone who is below this level of oxygen saturation!

Back 121

less than 85%

Front 122

normal hemoglobin levels for females

Back 122

12-16 grams per decileter

Front 123

normal hemoglobin levels for males

Back 123

13-18 grams per decileter

Front 124

normal hematocrit level for females

Back 124

37-48%

Front 125

normal hematocrit level for males

Back 125

42-52%

Front 126

this is the ratio of the volume occupied by packed red blood cells to the volume of the whole blood

Back 126

hematocrit

Front 127

painful or difficult breathing

Back 127

dyspnea

Front 128

this number on the dyspnea scale represents mild, noticeable to patient but not the observer

Back 128

+1

Front 129

this number on the dyspnea scale represents mild, some difficulty, noticeable to the observer

Back 129

+2

Front 130

this number on the dyspnea scale represents moderate difficulty, but the patient can continue

Back 130

+3

Front 131

this number on the dyspnea scale represents severe difficulty, and the patient cannot continue

Back 131

+4

Front 132

this is an alternative method of rating exercise intensity, and should be based on total feeling of exertion and fatigue; useful for patients who are unable to measure their HR or for patients whose HRs are limited by medications

Back 132

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)

Front 133

this type of irregular resting heart rate includes early beats and pauses in a rhythm

Back 133

regularly irregular

Front 134

a __ pulse indicates a good stroke volume or decreased peripheral resistance

Back 134

strong

Front 135

a __ pulse indicates a low stroke volume or an increase in peripheral resistance

Back 135

weak

Front 136

heart rate should increase __ beats per minute per metabolic equivalent of task (MET)

Back 136

10

Front 137

If there is a greater than 10 beats per minute drop in heart rate with increased workload, it is usually a severe sign of __ __ __

Back 137

coronary artery disease

Front 138

during heart rate, there should be less than or equal to __ abnormal pulses per minute

Back 138

6

Front 139

considered to be greater than 140 mm Hg systolic pressure

Back 139

hypertension

Front 140

considered to be a systolic blood pressure that is caution for exercise

Back 140

180 mm Hg

Front 141

systolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg is considered to be __

Back 141

hypotension

Front 142

the patient should not exercise if the blood pressure goes greater than __ or less than __ systolic pressure

Back 142

200, 80

Front 143

normal diastolic blood pressure

Back 143

60-90 mm Hg

Front 144

hypertension in the diastolic BP

Back 144

greater than 90 mm Hg

Front 145

hypotension in the diastolic BP

Back 145

less than 60 mm Hg

Front 146

caution for exercise in the diastolic BP

Back 146

greater than 100 mm Hg

Front 147

NO EXERCISE in the diastolic BP

Back 147

greater than 110 mm Hg

Front 148

Normal increase for systolic blood pressure per MET

Back 148

7-10 mm Hg

Front 149

a person is hypotensive systolically when they decrease __-__ mm Hg with increased workload

Back 149

10-20

Front 150

a person is hypertensive systolically if they exceed __ mm Hg with increased workload

Back 150

225

Front 151

a person is hypertensive diastolically if they increase __-__ mm Hg during exercise, and should not exceed __ mm Hg

Back 151

15-20; 120

Front 152

a person is hypotensive diastolically when they have a decrease of greater than __ mm Hg below resting BP

Back 152

10

Front 153

resting respiratory rate greater than __ is caution for exercise

Back 153

35 breaths per minute

Front 154

resting respiratory rate greater than __ is NO EXERCISE

Back 154

45 breaths per minute

Front 155

maximum respiratory rate achievable during exercise is about __ breaths per minute

Back 155

50

Front 156

level of dyspnea in which a patient is able to count to 15 easily in 1 breath

Back 156

0

Front 157

the level of dyspnea in which a patient takes 1 additional breath to count to 15

Back 157

1

Front 158

level of dyspnea in which a patient takes 2 additional breaths to count to 15

Back 158

2

Front 159

level of dyspnea in which a patient takes 3 additional breaths to count to 15

Back 159

3

Front 160

level of dyspnea in which a patient takes 4 additional breaths to count to 15

Back 160

4

Front 161

with functional activities, dyspnea level to count to 15 should not be greater than __

Back 161

1

Front 162

with exercise, dyspnea level to count to 15 should not be greater than level __

Back 162

2

Front 163

this is the full joint motion performed by an external source

Back 163

passive range of motion

Front 164

this is the elongation of a muscle achieved by overpressure at the end of the range of motion

Back 164

stretching

Front 165

this type of stretching is performed by an external force

Back 165

passive

Front 166

this type of stretching is performed by contraction of the antagonistic muscle

Back 166

active

Front 167

the feeling that is felt at the joint as a resistance to further motion

Back 167

end-feel

Front 168

end feel that is soft tissue approximation

Back 168

soft

Front 169

end feel that is muscular stretch, capsular stretch, ligamentous stretch

Back 169

firm

Front 170

end feel that is bone contacting bone

Back 170

hard

Front 171

these types of end feels occur at an unexpected point in the range or unexpected type of end feel for the joint

Back 171

abnormal

Front 172

abnormal end feel that is boggy, soft tissue edema

Back 172

soft

Front 173

abnormal end feel that is increased muscle tone or capsular tightness, feels leathery

Back 173

firm

Front 174

abnormal end feel that is a bony block

Back 174

hard

Front 175

abnormal end feel that is no resistance to PROM, or you must stop because of pain

Back 175

empty

Front 176

standard position for measuring passive range of motion

Back 176

supine

Front 177

to __ a muscle, you would do the opposite of its action

Back 177

lengthen

Front 178

common landmarks for the thigh when measuring girth

Back 178

ischial tuberosity, greater trochanter, ASIS

Front 179

common landmarks for the leg when measuring girth

Back 179

lateral or medial joint spaces of the knee, tibial tuberosity, patella, or fibular head

Front 180

common landmarks for the foot when measuring girth

Back 180

lateral or medial malleolus, or styloid process of the 5th metatarsal

Front 181

figure 8 method for measuring ankle circumference

Back 181

tape measure starts at 5th metatarsal process, across dorsum of foot, then to inferior medial malleolus, then around ankle to inferior lateral malleolus, then across to the top of the navicular, then under the foot back to the styloid process of the 5th metatarsal

Front 182

this leg length measurement is from the ASIS to the inferior margin of the medial malleolus

Back 182

true length

Front 183

this leg length measurement is from the umbilicus to the inferior margin of the medial malleolus

Back 183

apparent

Front 184

reference points for the thigh in length measurements

Back 184

ASIS to medial joint space of knee or ischium to medial joint space of knee

Front 185

reference points for the leg in length measurements

Back 185

medial joint space of knee to inferior margin of medial malleolus, or tibial tuberosity to the inferior margin of the medial malleolus

Front 186

reference points for the foot in length measurements

Back 186

standing, draw perpendicular line to heel and longest toe, draw parallel line to foot between first two lines, measure the line

Front 187

this is the reason that passive range of motion is usually slightly greater than active range of motion

Back 187

joint play motion (a small amount of available motion that is not under voluntary control)

Front 188

number of repetitions per day for passive range of motion

Back 188

5-10 repetitions per day

Front 189

these measurements are used to objectively measure and document the circumference of a body segment

Back 189

girth measurements

Front 190

these measurements are used to objectively measure and document if a discrepancy of length exists between paired body segments

Back 190

length measurements

Front 191

at least __ circumferential measures need to be taken when assessing girth

Back 191

3

Front 192

this measurement is the distance from a bony landmark either proximal or distal to the site of the injury or involved area that you are measuring the girth of

Back 192

reference measurement

Front 193

this is the technique of human joint measurement, and is used to provide kinematic data about the joints of a body

Back 193

goniometry

Front 194

refers to the number of degrees present in a joint

Back 194

range of joint motion

Front 195

refers to the length of the muscle in goniometry

Back 195

range of muscle length

Front 196

these precautions in isolation are used for the care of all patients in hospitals, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status; it is the primary strategy for control of nosocomial infections and applies to blood, all body secretions except sweat, regardless of whether or not they contain visible blood, non intact skin, and mucous membranes

Back 196

standard precautions

Front 197

infection that is hospital acquired

Back 197

nosocomial

Front 198

these precautions are for patients with documented or suspected cases of an infection that is highly transmissable for which additional precautions are needed; 3 types (airborne, droplet, or contact); should be used in conjunction with standard precautions

Back 198

transmission based precautions

Front 199

these are spread by airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles containing the infectious agent; patients are placed in private room with monitored negative air pressure and door closed, and therapist wears N95 respirator

Back 199

airborne precautions

Front 200

these precautions are generated from the host during coughing, sneezing, talking, and during specific procedures; patients are in a private room and therapist needs to wear a mask if within 3 feet of patient

Back 200

droplet precautions

Front 201

these precautions are generated via contact with the patient or indirect contact with environmental surfaces; the patient is in a private room and the patient must wear gloves, a gown, and wash hands

Back 201

contact precautions

Front 202

an infection that results from the delivery of health services in a health care setting

Back 202

nosocomial infection

Front 203

incidence of nosocomial pneumonia

Back 203

10-20/1000 admissions

Front 204

6 elements needed for an infection to be spread

Back 204

(1) presence of an infectious agent (2) reservoir for growth within the individual (3) portal of exit from the reservoir (4) means of transmission (5) portal of entry on the host (6) a susceptible host

Front 205

term that refers to the absence of germs or pathogens

Back 205

asepsis

Front 206

techniques used to reduce the number of microorganisms and help reduce or prevent their spread (clean techniques)

Back 206

medical asepsis

Front 207

techniques used to eliminate microorganisms from an area (sterile techniques)

Back 207

surgical asepsis

Front 208

this is the most important technique used to control/prevent the transmission of microorganisms; defined as vigorous rubbing together of all surfaces for 10-15 seconds followed by rinsing underwater

Back 208

handwashing

Front 209

don't use alcohol based foams or gels more than __ times without washing with soap and water in between

Back 209

3

Front 210

length of time a therapist may need to wash hands with a high risk patient

Back 210

10 minutes

Front 211

donning order

Back 211

(1) gown, (2) mask, (3) goggles/face shield, (4) gloves, (5) other articles of clothing (caps)

Front 212

doffing order

Back 212

(1) gloves, (2) goggles/face shield, (3) gown, (4) mask

Front 213

purposes of bandaging

Back 213

protecting the injury site, preventing contamination, preventing transmission of infection, and promoting healing

Front 214

application of a dry absorbent or non-absorbent dressing to cover the wound; good to use if wound is heavily draining or if a dry environment is indicated for healing

Back 214

dry to dry

Front 215

application of a wet dressing and re-wetting it before removal; prevents the dressing from becoming embedded and softens in preparation for removal

Back 215

wet to wet

Front 216

application of a wet dressing that is allowed to dry before removal; the dressing dries and debrides the wound when the dressing is removed

Back 216

wet to dry

Front 217

application of a dressing to provide a semi-permeable barrier to air and moisture penetration; maintains a moist wound healing environment and prevents air from getting into the wound

Back 217

occlusive

Front 218

wrap used to anchor and terminate

Back 218

circular

Front 219

wrap used for uniform body parts (upper arm, leg, trunk)

Back 219

spiral

Front 220

wrap used for non-uniform/cylindrical body parts

Back 220

spiral reverse

Front 221

wrap used to cover distal parts of the body (head, fists, amputations)

Back 221

recurrent

Front 222

wrap used to bandage joints

Back 222

figure 8

Front 223

gait pattern that involves a sequence of two moment of contact with the floor to complete the cycle (usually used in patients with a cane or a non-weight bearing walker)

Back 223

two point gait

Front 224

gait pattern that involves a sequence of three moments of contact with the floor to complete the cycle (used with a cane or partial weight baring with walker)

Back 224

three point gait

Front 225

WBAT

Back 225

weight bearing as tolerated

Front 226

TTWB

Back 226

toe touch weight bearing

Front 227

bringing the feet in line with hands

Back 227

swing or step to

Front 228

bringing feet past hands

Back 228

swing or step through

Front 229

precautions for someone with a total hip replacement

Back 229

(1) no flexion past 90º, (2) no hip adduction beyond midline, and (3) no hip medial rotation

Front 230

how to determine if height of assistive device is right for a patient

Back 230

level of the patient's wrist or about 20-30º of elbow flexion

Front 231

this assistive device offers the least amount of support, typically for patients with one sided involvement, must have grip strength in 1 UE or use platform, and age does not matter

Back 231

cane

Front 232

this assistive device offers more support than a straight cane, for patients with one-sided involvement; must have grip strength in 1 UE or use platform, and age does not matter

Back 232

quad/hemi cane

Front 233

this assistive device offers more support than canes, for patients with one or two sided involvement, must have grip strength in both UEs or use a platform; in general for young to middle aged and requires the most coordination

Back 233

crutches (forearm or axillary)

Front 234

this assistive device offers the most support; for patients with one or two sided involvement, must have grip strength in both UEs or use platform; in general, for geriatric population or for those who have lifting precautions

Back 234

walker

Front 235

this type of transfer is when the patient contributes mentally and physically

Back 235

active

Front 236

this type of transfer is when the patient gives minimal to no participation to complete it

Back 236

passive/dependent

Front 237

assistance where patient does 100% of the work

Back 237

independent

Front 238

assistance where the patient performs the transfer without physical assist, but the therapist provides guarding and/or verbal cues for proper technique or safety

Back 238

standby

Front 239

type of assistance in which patient requires a small amount of physical assistance, patient does 75% of work; therapist provides about 25%

Back 239

minimal

Front 240

this type of assistance is when the patient does 50% of the work and the therapist does 50% of the work

Back 240

moderate

Front 241

this type of assistance is when the patient requires a lot of physical assists, can do 25% of the work and the therapist does 75%

Back 241

maximal

Front 242

this type of assistance is when the patient can't do any work and the therapist does 100% of the work

Back 242

dependent