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97 Cards in this Set
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A geographic area where plants, animals and other organism, as well as weather and landscape work together to form a bubble of life |
Ecosystem |
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Ecosystem contains: |
Biotic factors or living parts Abiotic factor or nonliving parts |
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Biotic factors include |
Plants, animals and other organism |
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Within an ecosystem, there can be many____ |
Habitats |
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(a place in which a particular species of organism lives) |
Arctic Canada is habitat of polar bears Polar Desert Wetlands Savannah Woodland Rainforest Ocean Coral reef |
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Threats of bio-diversity |
- Habitat destruction - Pollution - Species introductions - Global climate change - Exploitation |
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List of Extinct Animals in The Philippines |
1. Elephas so. (Stegodon mindanensis) 2. Elephas maximus 3. Stegodon luzonensis 4. Panthers tigris SP. 5. Rhinoceros Philippines is 6. Sus cebifrons cebifrons (Cebu warty pig) 7. Bubalus cebuensis( Cebu tamaraw/dwarf buffalo 8. Megalochelya sondarri (Luzon giant tortoise) 9. Bubalus sondarri( Luzon buffalo) 10. Cuon alpinus (dhole) |
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Refers to the termination of a species caused by |
- Habitat destruction - Introduction of non native species - over exploitation - Pollution - Climate change |
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Endangered |
Population is low Extinction is imminent Indangered of extinction |
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Threatened |
Population is low Extinction is less imminent Likely to become endangered |
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Endangered animals |
Beluga Penguin Giant panda Lion Ocelot Polar bears Lemurs Whale shark Siamang Mandrill *Bird warning: 10% extinct by 2100 |
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Rates of Deforestation |
When: 1981-1990 - 0.9% year -53,000 sq mi/year -21,000 sq mi in South America Amazon= area of NC |
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Due to isolation of fragments and in forest/clearing boundaries ____% affected by deforestation |
16 |
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How might the earth climate change be in the future? |
Considerable scientific evidence indicates that emissions of greenhouse gases into the earth atmosphere from human activities will lead to significant climate change during this century. |
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Climate change degrees |
57 degree Fahrenheit (13.9 degree Celsius) is the average global temperature. |
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• Glacial and interglacial periods • Global cooling and global warming |
Past Climate Changes |
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Measurement of past temperature changes |
Rocks and fossils Ice cores from glaciers Tree rings Historical measurement since 1861 |
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Earth’s natural greenhouse effect |
The Green house Effect |
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Natural greenhouse gases |
- water vapor (H²O) - carbon dioxide (CO²) -Methane (CH⁴) -Nitrous Oxide (N²O) |
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Evidence to Support Global Warming |
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change • 2007 IPCC report • Rise in average global surface temperature • 10 warmest years on record since 1970 • Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70% between 1970 and 2008 • Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns, hurricanes • Sea level rise in this century 4–8 inches |
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CO2 is the major culprit |
• 1850: 285 ppm • 2009: 388 ppm • Over 450 ppm as tipping point • 350 ppm as intermediate goal |
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Scientific consensus about future global temperature changes? |
• Temperature as a function of greenhouse gases • Mathematical models • Model data and assumptions • Predictions and model reliability • Recent warming due to human activities |
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What is the role of oceans in the climate change? |
Absorb CO2 • CO2 solubility (the ability to be dissolved in water) decreases with increasing temperature • Upper ocean getting warmer |
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What are some possible effects of a projected climate change? |
The projected change in the earth’s climate during this century could have severe and long-lasting consequences, including: o increased drought and flooding o rising sea levels o shifts in locations of agriculture and wildlife habitats. |
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Potential Severe Consequences |
• Rapid projected temperature increase • 2 ºC inevitable • 4 ºC possible • Effects will last for at least 1,000 years |
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2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
Forest fires worsen |
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2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
Prolonged droughts intensity |
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2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
Deserts spread |
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Major heat waves more common |
2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
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Fewer winter |
2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
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Deaths in higher latitude |
2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
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Conflicts over water supplies increase |
2 °c warming with 450 ppm CO²( now unavoidable effects) |
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Modest increases in crop production in temperate regions |
2% warming |
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Crop yields fall by 5-10% in tropical Africa |
2% warming with 450 ppm CO² |
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Coral reefs affected by bleaching |
2% warming |
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Many glaciers melt faster and threaten water supplies for up to 100 million people |
2% warming |
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Sea levels rise enough to flood low-lying coastal areas such as Bangladesh |
2% warming |
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More people exposed to malaria |
2% warming |
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High risk of extinction for Arctic species such as the polar bear and several |
2% warming |
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Forest fires get much worse |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Prolonged droughts g t much worse |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Deserts spread more |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Major heat waves and deaths from heat increase |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Irrigation and hydropower decline |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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1.4 billion people suffer water shortages |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Crop yields fall sharply in many areas, especially Africa |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Coral reef are severely threatened |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Amazon rainforest may begin collapsing |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Up to half of Artic tundra melts |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Sea levels continue to rise |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Malaria and several other tropical diseases spread faster and further |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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20-30% of plant and animal species face premature extinction |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Water, wars environmental refuges, and terrorism increase |
3 ºC, warming with 550 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Forest fires and drought increase sharply |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Methane emissions from melting permafrost accelerate and cause more warming |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Water shortages affect almost all people |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Crop yields fall sharply in all religions and cease in some regions |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Ecosystems such as coral reefs, tropical forests, alpine and Arctic tundra, polar seas, coastal wetlands, and high-elevation mountaintops begin collapsing |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Glaciers and ice sheets melt faster |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Sea levels rise faster and flood many low lying cities and agricultural areas |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Tropical diseases spread even faster and further |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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At least half of plant and animal species face premature extinction |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Water wars, environment refuges, terriorsim, and economic collapse increase sharply |
4 ºC, warming with 650 ppm CO2 (potentially avoidable effects) |
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Harmful effects of global warming |
Excessive heat Drought Ice and snow melt Rising sea levels Extreme weather Threat to bio-diversity Food production may decline Change location of agricultural cripe Threats to human health |
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What can we do to slow projectedclimate change? |
increase energy efficiency Sharply reduce greenhouse gas emissions rely more on renewable energy resource slow population growth |
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Options to Deal with Climate Change |
• Two approaches:o Drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions Develop strategies to reduce its harmful effects • Mix both approaches• Governments beginning to act |
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Solutions to Slowing Climate Change |
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Reducing the Threat of Climate Chang |
Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use • Shift from coal to natural gas • Improve energy efficiency • Shift to renewable energy sources • Transfer appropriate technology to developing countries • Reduce deforestation • Sustainable agriculture and forestry • Reduce poverty • Slow population growth • Decrease CO2 emissions • Sequester CO2 o Plant trees o Agriculture o Underground o Deep ocean • Repair leaking natural gas lines • Reduce methane emissions from animals |
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Is capturing and storing CO2 the answer? |
Global tree planting • Restore wetlands • Plant fast-growing perennials like potato, sweet potato, chives, avocado, pepper mint, ginger, broccoli, black pepper pineapple etc. • Preserve natural forests • Seed oceans with iron to promote growth of phytoplankton• Sequester carbon dioxide underground and under the ocean floor |
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Government’s Role in Reducing theThreat of Climate Change |
• Regulate carbon dioxide and methane as pollutants • Carbon taxes • Cap total CO2 emissions • Subsidize energy-efficient technologies • Technology transfers • International climate negotiations • Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 to decrease the consumption of greenhouse gases • Act locally in Costa Rica U.S. stateso Large corporationso Colleges and universities |
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Reducing co² emissions |
Drive a fuel-efficient car, walk, bike, carpool, and use mass transit • Use energy-efficient windows • Use energy-efficient appliances and lights • Heavily insulate your house and seal all air leaks • Reduce garbage by recycling and reusing more items • Insulate your hot water heater • Use compact fluorescent lightbulbs • Plant trees to shade your house during summer • Set your water heater no higher than 49 °C (120 °F) • Wash laundry in warm or cold water • Use a low-flow showerhead • Buy products from, or invest in, companies that are trying to reduce their impact on climate How have we depleted Ozone in |
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How have we depleted Ozone in the stratosphere and what can we do about it? |
Concept: Widespread use of certain chemicals has reduced ozone levels in the stratosphereand allowed more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s surface.• Concept: To reverse ozone depletion, we need to stop producing ozone-depleting chemicalsand adhere to the international treaties that ban such chemicals. |
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Individuals Matter:Banning of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
Chemists Rowland and Molinao Nobel Prize in 1995 • Called for bano Remain in atmosphereo Rise into stratosphere - Break down into atoms that accelerate ozone depletion -Stay in stratosphere for long period • Defended research against big industryFormer Uses of |
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Former Uses of CFCs |
• Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators • Propellants in aerosol cans • Cleaning solutions for electronic part • Fumigants • Bubbles in plastic packing foam |
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Reversing Ozone Depletion |
Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals • Slow recovery • Montreal Protocol • Copenhagen Protocol • International cooperation |
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Reducing Exposure to UV Radiation |
• Stay out of the sun, especially between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M. • Do not use tanning parlors or sunlamps. • When in the sun, wear protective clothing and sunglasses that protect against UV-A and UV-B radiation. • Be aware that overcast skies do not protect you. • Do not expose yourself to the sun if you are taking antibiotics or birth control pills. • When in the sun, use a sunscreen with a protection factor of at least 15. • Examine your skin and scalp at least once a month for moles or warts that change in size, shape, or color and sores that keep oozing, bleeding, and crusting over. • If you observe any of these signs, consult a doctor immediately. |
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The nano world (Nano technology) |
The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. • It is a hybrid science combining Engineering,Chemistry, and to a certain extent, Biology. • It deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control of matter or nanoscale |
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• It placed the footprints in the field of energy___________ |
medicine, electronics, computing, security and materials |
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Nano science VS. nano technology |
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Nano structure |
Engineered structures with features at the nanoscale — between 1 and 100 nanometers. • They include:o nanotextured surfaceso nanoparticles - nanotubeso more complex nano-scale structures |
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Allotropes of carbon characterized by a hollow structure and extraordinary thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. o E.g., carbon nanotubes (cylindrical)and buckyballs (spherical) |
Fullerenes |
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Nano wires |
One-dimensional nanostructures that have a large length to diameter aspect ratios and they exhibit unique mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties. |
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Biopolymers |
E.g., proteins, polysaccharides, and bacterial polymers |
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Top down |
Etching a block of material down to the desired shape Chips and processors |
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Bottom-up |
Building materials atom by atom like Nano particles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum dotsAdvantages of Nanotechnology |
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Advantage of Nano Technology |
• Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before they reach their target. • Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into the cancerous cells themselves. • Allows for better control over the timing and distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it easier for oncologists to assess how well they work. • Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells, thus avoiding side effects. |
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Catalysyts |
Envirox™ cerium oxide |
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Nanoremediation |
SAMMS Technology to remove mercury |
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Paper |
Photographic paper |
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Nano fibers |
Filters |
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To remineralise teeth |
Toothpaste |
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Packaging |
Food |
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Improved adhesion and antifungal qualities/anti-grafitii |
Paint |
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Non-staining and anti radiation |
Clothing |
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(black &Decker) phosphate nanocrystal technology |
Batteries |
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Potential Risks Associated with Nano technology |
Adverse health effects in humans from deliberate or accidental exposure • Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate or accidental exposure • Potentially explosive properties of nanostructure |
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Risk Assessment Problems |
Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment • Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped) • Small size may result in particles passing into the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion,absorption) • May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio • Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals • Persistence: Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown |
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