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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Percentage of women receiving prenatal care (Egypt) |
74% |
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Percentage of women employed in nonagriculture sector (Egypt) |
19% |
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Unpaid family workers male/female (Egypt) |
6.4%/29.3% |
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Women in parliament 1990/2013 (Egypt) |
4%/2% |
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Female unemployment (Egypt) 1990-92 / 2009-12 |
21%/27% |
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Labor force participation female ages 15+ (Egypt) 2000/2012 |
19%/24% |
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Fertility rate (births per woman) Egypt |
2.8 |
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Policies that improve female quality of life |
1. Increase access to credit and loans so women are more involved in market activities, labor force, and gain more access to healthcare 2. Increased access to contraception and family planning through government programs and employer provision - reduces fertility and allows women more opportunity for education and employment 3. Declare religious support for family planning or contraception 4. Improve access to education esp to primary ed for poorest population |
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Millenium development goal A How's Egypt doing? |
Halve percentage of ppl in extreme poverty
Egypt below 2% in 2008 from 2.3% in 2013 |
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Millenium development goal B How's Egypt doing? |
ensure primary school completion
108/106% in 2012 |
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Millenium development goal C How's Egypt doing? |
Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education
Primary: 110%/106% M/F in 2012 Secondary: No data |
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Millenium development goal D How's Egypt doing? |
reduce child mortality by two-thirds
85 in 1990, 22 in 2013 = 74% reduction |
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Millenium development goal E How's Egypt doing? |
reduce maternal childbirth deaths by three-fourths
120 in 1990/45 in 2013 = 63% reduction |
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Millenium development goal F How's Egypt doing? |
Achieve reproductive health access for all
74% of pregnant women receiving prenatal care (2007-2012) |
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Millenium development goal G How's Egypt doing? |
Halting and reversing spread of HIV/AIDS, TB, other diseases
17 cases of TB per 100,000 ppl (2012) Prevalence of HIV 0.1% (1990 AND 2013) |
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Millenium development goal H How's Egypt doing? |
reduce proportion of ppl without safe drinking water, achieve significant improvements in lives of slum dwellers
Access to improved sanitation (1990 vs 2012) Rural: 57-94% Urban 91-98%
Access to improved water (2012) Rural: 99% Urban: 100% |
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Policies that have helped Egypt achieve MDGs |
1. Statement released by Grand Mufti stating support for family planning reversed traditional views (fertility down from >5 in '80 to <3 in '11) 2. Prioritized health of children - good for long term health of workforce 3. Gender gaps in education have been closed greatly esp at primary level but not eliminated esp at higher levels 4. Government/foreign projects successful in improving water and sanitation |
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Improvements that could still be made for Egypt to achieve MDGs |
1. Higher female participation in parliament to help women gain greater presence in workforce outside of agriculture 2. continue to decrease fertility rates so that women have opportunities beyond household/aren't stuck inside |
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Capital flight definition |
large outflows of private financial capital often motivated by negative changes in a country's economic, political, or social environment |
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Reasons why it is difficult to estimate capital flight |
1. Must contrast between foreign investments made out of fear of major losses (political risk, financial repression, expected major changes in exchange rate) vs inability to diversify in LDC's capital market 2. some holding of foreign financial assets are necessary to facilitate foreign trade and finance so these should not be counted as capital flight 3. Especially in appropriate to count foreign financial asset holdings reported to chinese gov's, for example 4. lack of reliable data from which to make calculations |
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Potential reasons for capital flight |
1. lack of income taxation on nonresident bank-deposit interest and much other investment income in US 2. swiss secrecy protection 3. slow growth, overvalued domestic currencies, high inflation rates, confiscatory taxation, expected currency depreciation, political instability |
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Relationship between LDC external debt and capital flight |
capital flight is a symptom of poor economic social or political environment - external debt (poor economic outlook) causes capital flight which increases need for borrowing from foreign sources and increases capital flight again |
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How can source countries decrease capital flight? |
1. decrease capital controls like transaction taxes (cost - may make capital flight levels more volatile) 2. specify a debt-to-equity ratio that limits amount of deductible interest for tax purposes - prevents excessive tax avoidance but could limit foreign direct investment 3. reduce corruption in gov't - zaire example
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how can haven countries decrease capital flight? |
1. lower interest rates on nonresident investment (reduces foreign direct investment) 2. refusal by banks to accept funds from major LDC debtor countries |
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capital flight relation to institutions |
one-party and military gov'ts tend to exert tighter control of economies and often causes distrust which incentivizes capital flight
corruption incentivizes capital flight - ex china rich are afraid earnings will be confiscated in next anti-corruption campaign so they move earnings abroad |
