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146 Cards in this Set

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The Greeks began looking for two things in 1000 B.C., what and why?
1) Arable Land (through colonization)
2) Trade

They didn't have much arable land, so they could no longer feed their growing population
What areas did the Greeks go to search for land and trade?
Areas bound by the Mediterranean Sea.
What did the Greeks find in west Turkey? Had they seen something of this type before?
-Discovered in west Turkey that they practiced natural philosophy (science)

-This was not their first contact with this type of thought:
-other sources:
-Babylonians were experts in Math, astronomy, and time keeping

-Egyptians who were experts in math
How did the Greeks approach to natural philosophy differ from those before them?
Others studied science mainly through measurement and observation.

The Greeks found general theoretical (ABSTRACT) solutions like Pythagorean Theorem.
Examples of abstraction in Greek science:
-Democritus (hypothesized the existence of an "atom")
-Heraclitus (universe is not static, but changed ceaselessly)
-Socrates (the unexamined life is not worth living)
-Plato (behind the world of observation lies a world of archetypes which have a fixed eternal reality of their own)
-Aristotle (influential polymath)
Who was Alexander the Great? Who was he tutored by? Who did this tutor also teach?
-Alexander the III of Macedonia (King of Macedonia)
-inherited the Throne from his father, Phillip the II, who was assassinated
-tutored by Aristotle
-Aristotle also tutored Ptolemy Soter (a general in Alexander's army)
Who did Alexander defeat in battle in 330 B.C.? Where did he go after? How was he received?
-Darius III, King of Persia
-headed to Egypt after
-viewed as a liberator since Egypt was a Persian colony at the time
What two important things happened in Egypt for Alexander?
-founded Alexandria
-declared a living God and Pharaoh of Egypt
Who succeeded Alexander (in Egypt) when he died? How did he do it?
Ptolemy stole the body while in transit to Macedonia and returned it to Alexandria
What was important about Ptolemy and the Ptolemaic dynasty?
Ptolemy admired Aristotle and collected books and curiousities just like him.
Founded the Great Library of Alexandria.
Invited scholars from all over to study in Alexandria
How did Egyptian culture foster the study of anatomy?
There was no taboo on dissecting dead bodies and prisoners.
Allowed scholars in Alexandria to learn about:
-the brain, spinal cord, the heart, etc.
Who are some other awesome smart Greek dudes and what did they do?
-Strato of Lampascus (only nature)
-Aristarchus of Samos (first heliocentric model of the solar system)
-Eratosthnes (Earth is spherical, measured circumference)
-Archimedes (Archimedean screw)
-Diophantes (Arithmetica - invented algebra)
-Euclid (geometry and proof based math)
-Claudius Ptolemy (geocentric goofball but crazy good cartographer relative to his time)
-Antikythera mechanism
GREEKS WERE AHEAD OF THE REST OF THE WORLD SCIENTIFICALLY BY ALMOST(?):
1400 YEARS!
Who were the beneficiaries of Greek knowledge?
The Islamic world
After the death of Muhammad, what happened?
Islamic world began to expand and the Sassanid empire replaced the Persian empire.
Where did the Islamic world take control of? Who was it done by? What were their intentions?
-The Mediterranean Sea
-primitive tribes
-wanted to take land and resources (not spread Islam)
Why did no unique Islamic culture appear in the lands they conquered?
Army was too small to keep people there to administer the lands
Why couldn't the Islamic world expand east?
Chinese westward expansion (Tang dynasty) - stalemate
Where else did they try to expand? Based on the results of these attempts, what happened?
1) go through France and Spain (NOPE!)
-Battle of Poitiers (733)
2) Capture Constantinople (NOPE!)

Since neither of these worked, the borders of the Islamic world were settled around 750
Who replaced the Umayyad Caliphate?
The Abbasid Caliphate
What did the stablization of the borders of the Islamic world bring?
Peace and prosperity, trade (control of desert caravans that connect Europe with the far east), industry (iron, textiles, export of wood)
What changes did the Abbasid caliphate make?
-Focused on eastward expansion (moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad)
-developed Arabic language (U spoke Greek and Pahlavi)
-distinct architecture developed
What occurred in Islam's Golden Age of Science? Who did it begin with? What did he do/inspire?
Science took off! begins with the reign of al-Mamun (813-833). Founded the House of Wisdom and the translation movement (translating Greek works to arabic).
Besides the Greeks, what other sources of knowledge did the Islamic world have?
-Hindus (math and astronomy)
-Persians
Emphasis on who?
Aristotle and Plato
What did the Muslims do after the works were translated?
Began writing commentaries and doing their own research (math, astronomy, medicine, optics, chemistry).
What is seen for the first time in Islamic science of optics and chemistry?
Controlled experiments! (BEAT GALILEO BY 1000 YEARS)
Who does this Golden Age end with? Why?
Ibn Rusd (Averroes) in 1198. Islamic Conservative Convulsions.
What were the greatest contributions of Islamic scientists?
Astronomy
-more acute measurements (paths of planets etc.)
-geocentric model (woops wrong but much of the math still transfers)
Why didn't Islam figure out that the Earth was not the centre of the universe?
Science at the time was based primarily on observation and prediction. Moving the Earth to the centre of the solar system wouldn't have given them anymore accurate predictions and therefore it wasn't necessary.
Why did Islamic science decline? They had such a big start, what happened? Islamic perspective and Western perspective.
Islamic perspective
-contraction of Islamic world led to a decline of resources for scientists (lost Spain and Mediterranean as well as land in the East to the Mongols. Crusades also.)

Western perspective
-you're wrong Islam! we took over science when we were way poorer then you
-the real reason is because science never got a foothold due to the dominance of Islamic religion in all facets of life
Why didn't the West directly inherit Greek knowledge?
Has to do with the Roman Empire
-284 split into two to better respond to fighting in the East (vs. Persians) as well as the West (vs. Goths and other tribes)
-Western empire spoke latin and was Catholic
-Eastern empire spoke greek and was Orthodox
-disputes over Christian dogma split Christianity into two and further reinforced the political split, causing the two parts of the empire to drift farther apart
-wide acceptance of Greek knowledge in the Roman world
-intelligent Roman spoke Greek and Latin (b/c of this, no need to translate works) --> all good when the empire is one, but after the split, since none of it was translated to Latin, it was lost to most of the West
-the West empire fell and went into the dark ages
-further exacerbated loss of knowledge (only knowledge kept alive was in monasteries - didn't care too much about science or math)
Does Greek knowledge filter back into the West? If yes, how is it received relative to the East? Why?
Yes, and it is received better than it was in the West.

This is due to a difference in religious philosophy and perspective. Christianity has adapted to making accomodations for other ideologies while Islam never really has. This allows science to claim more of a foothold.

Islam also got all this Greek knowledge at once, which overwhelmed them as much of it didn't line up with Islam. They shut a lot of it down. The West got their Greek knowledge slowly as it was recovered and therefore were constantly hungry for more.
What is occasionalism and how did it play into the difference in acceptance of Greek science between the West and the East?
Occasionalism: belief that life is a series of moments and that God can step in between any moment and alter the sequence of events. This means cause and effect cannot be studied as God could always change it or manipulate it (create cause without effect, or vice versa).

Hard to study science without a belief in cause-and-effect.

This thinking did occupy the West for a bit.
What was the West's ideological replacement for occasionalism?
Decided that God was omnipotent at one time, but is now finished working on the World, and cause-and-effect now takes place and can be studied.
When the Christians begin pushing back against the Muslims in 1085 and conquer Toledo, what do they find? What do they do with this knowledge?
Huge libraries of Greek and Islamic Scientists.

They begin translating these works into latin just like the Muslims had done.

As they continue to push out the Muslims, they find more and more of these libraries
What factors gave rise to feudalism?
1) Thin population (primitive frontier society)
2) Insecurity of Daily Life (constant raiding by Muslims, Viking and Magyars)
3) Lack of markets
4) Scarcity of money
What tool appeared in the 6th century that allowed the gradual extension of agriculture to the interior of Europe?
Heavy plough
-before this, the soils of Europe were generally too hard to work since they were heavy --> a scratch plow would not work
-the Romans used Slash and burn but this removed nutrients quickly from the soil and therefore didn't allow for any permanent settlement
What was the contract between the King and the Lords?
The King named lords, each of whom provided a specified number of knights and supporting forces when required

The lord trained and equipped the knights

In return the lord received control over the land and the peasants attached to that land

Any surplus belonged to him
What was the deal with knights?
They were needed to defend the kings' land.

They were the most effective weapon.

They absorbed a lot of resources and training them took a long time.

Did not contribute to production and consumed a ton.
Why didn't the king just levy taxes? (Two reasons)
1) the rarity of currency meant that he could not levy taxes in cash

2) the difficult of transportation meant he could not readily levy taxes in kind
What was the solution to this predicament?
Feudalism --> disperse the forces (see contract between the king and the lord)
What was the (implicit) contract between the lord and the peasants?
-lord needed labour to exploit the land
-the serfs required security from local bandits and from raiders
-mutual exchange!
What is the manor? How was land divided?
-The building block of feudalism
-almost entirely self-sufficient

Arable land was divided into long strips, some allocated to the lord and some to individual peasants
How were decisions on the manor made by serfs? Why?
They were communal since the cost of a heavy plow and the oxen to pull it was so great that the serfs did not work the lord's land or their own land as individuals
What were some features of the manor?
A mill, a bakery (both operated for the benefit of the lord), pasteurage and peripheral forest
What was the forest used for?
-wild pigs were hunted there by serfs (lords hunted deer)
-game and vegetables for the serf
-wood for fuel and stone for building
Who did all the building and the repair?
The serfs
Was there specialized labour?
Only the miller, the baker, and the blacksmith
Could the serfs move away?
Nope! Too valuable!
What three things did the manor's institutions concern property rights for?
-Labour
-Physical capital
-Land near protection or fortification
Property right
the right to control the use of a resource, and the right to compensation in the event that the resource is damaged

the assignment of property rights changes through time, in part due to changes in the relative scarcity of factors of production
How were land, physical capital, and labour passed administered?
NO SUCH THING AS PRICES OR WAGES!

Everything by customary law and inheritance. The manor was an extremely conservative institution.

The serf could not sell his land and the lord could not sell the manor.

a serf needed the lord's permission to move away from the manor
Why weren't the serfs just made to be slaves?
-since serf's standard of living was so close to subsistence, the cost to the lord was about the same as a slave
-offspring of serfs were serfs, just like slaves bore slaves
-the serf was able to be exploited and had a very limited ability to flee
-no real benefit of making serfs slaves then
-however, serfdom reduced supervision costs
Why labour obligations? What was the problem with labour sharing?
-spreads risk without high negotiation costs
-shirking was a problem since the contract specifies how long the serfs must work, but not how hard
What were the problems with other types of labour arrangements?
Fixed wage payment -Lord bears all the risk; high negotiation costs (also no money --> have to trade in kind)

Fixed rent - serf bears all the risk; high negotiation costs

Output sharing - spreads risk but high negotiation costs
In what period did feudalism rise and fall?
Europe from 1000 to 1300
What kind of movement occurred in Europe between 1000 and 1300?
-Europe became much more densely populated
-As popn grew, the marginal product of productive land fell, and so it became more profitable to establish new manors in unoccupied (and therefore unprotected) lands
What kind of relationship was required between serfs and lords at this time?
-Cooperation was necessary
-serfs provided labour, lords provided capital and protection
-serfs needed to be offered a better quality of life in order to be persuaded to come to a new manor
-serfs on existing manors also needed to be treated better or they would flee to a new manor (since labour was scarce, lords wouldn't return serfs anymore, they would keep them)
Why did manors no longer need to be self-sufficient? What began to appear as a result?
-Manors in the oldest areas, which had greater population density, developed local trade
-the use of money became more common
What did the presence of money and local trade introduce? What was different?
-Fixed wage and fixed rent agreements between lords and serfs
-payments were determined by customs though, not by market forces
-as a result, efficiency was impeded by rigidity
Was there change in property rights?
-Not at this time
-this meant that innovators could not benefit from their innovation
Why did specialization in production occur? What did it necessitate?
-the frontier movement created areas of different population densities, so regions began to specialize according to the labour intensity of production
-this necessitated greater trade
-specifically between Europe and the East (led by the Italians - Venice and Genoa)
How did increased trade and increased urbanization complement each other?
Traders were drawn to urban areas, and urban areas expanded to accommodate traders
By the 13th century, what is the state of agricultural land?
-harder to find
-sharp rise in real rents-fall in real wages
-rise in agricultural prices relative to other prices
Welfare in 13th century?
-falling real wages and increased famine
How did these changes affect the feudal system?
-they eroded the necessity for feudalism

-taxes can now be levied in cash
-cash can be used to purchase goods on local markets, allowing the king to support a standing army
-new weapons eliminated the necessity of knights
How did armed forces bring an "increasing returns to scale" enterprise?
-since trouble doesn't break out everywhere at once, don't need twice as much soldiers to defend twice as much territory
-therefore twice as much territory brings the king twice as much revenue but doesn't require twice as much spending to defend it
Why did the King begin to heavily expropriate?
-with the consolidation of kingdoms, there was endless fighting between kings
- the continuous warfare causes the King's spending to rise faster than his revenues
What the two field system? How did it differ from the three field system? What were the advantages of the three field system? Why wasn't the three field system used exclusively?
Two field - half of the land is planted, the other half is plowed and left idle

Three field - a field is planted with grain the first year, with legumes the second year, and left idle the third year

Advantages of the three field system:
-increased crop yield (output is greater by 1/3)
-labour is spread more evenly through the year
-less chance of famine b/c two diff. crops are grown

-the technology that is used depends on the relative scarcity of inputs as well as relative factor prices
eg. 3 field makes better use of land at the expense of more labour (efficient when land is expensive and labour is cheap)

-three field system became more popular as land became more scarce
Why did Spain become prosperous under the Umayyad caliphate?
-climate similar to that of the most fertile parts of the middle east
-raw timber exported; ships built
-raw silk produced
-other textiles
-export of paper to Christian Europe
What happened to the Islamic world in Spain?
-Umayyad caliphate collapsed and Spain fragmented into a number of minor kingdoms
-reconquest of Toldeo (1085)
-Berbers from south and Christians from north push Islam out and drive out Islamic world

-Christians defeat both Islamic kingdoms and Berbers (take over Spain by 1350)
Why did Granada survives until 1492?
-survived as a tributary state
Why did Spain go into economic decline?
1) Spain had been a trading center for furs and Slavic slaves, but the Norsemen discovered routes through interior and Slavics become Christian => unethical
2) Pax Mongolica allowed direct trade between Europe and China (silk road)
What was the situation in the Middle East in the 10th century?
-Fatimid replaced by Saladin (a Kurd) who begins the Ayyubid dynasty
-mobilizes Egypt against the Crusaders
-both caliphates fail since they have such large armies
Ayyubids and the Mamluks
-Mamluks were slave soldiers (Turks)
-displace the Ayyubids in 1250
-remain in power until 1577
-after Baghdad falls to the Mongols in 1258, Cairo becomes center of the Islamic world
What did Venitians build to originally, for use in trade and protection of the Byzantine empire?
Lumber to build galleys
What did Venice receive in exchange of protecting Byzantine ships in the Mediterranean?
-trading privileges
-became trading point for spices and silks from East
How did relationships with the Byzantine empire play out in the 12th century? What did Venice gain from the resulting change?
-started plundering them and in 1204 rerouted an army of Crusaders to Constantinople and sacked the city

-gained access to the Black Sea and Crete which allowed them to control trade with China
What goods moved westward? What goods moved eastward?
Westward: pepper, spices, raw cotton, silk

Eastward: cloth from Flanders and Florence, other manufactured goods
What were Venetian relations with Arab world?
-commercial relations with both Ayyubids and Mamluks
-even providing armour and weapons for use against the Crusaders
What were Genoans originally engaged in?
Piracy against Arab shipping and raiding North african ports
What did the Genoans do with Paleologus? What did they gain?
-supported his recapture of Constantinople
-they now had access to the Chinese trade routes
What did Genoa evolve into?
a trader/middleman
-SUPER PROFITABLE AT THE TIME
What did the west learn from dealing with Arab merchants?
-place value arithmetic
-elementary account keeping
-knowledge of sugar and slave cultivation of sugar
What side did the Genoans play in the Crusades?
BOTH!
How was the Islamic world connected to India?
through the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
What were India's main export? main import?
Export: black pepper, cotton textiles, iron and steel

Import: cavalry horses due to constant fighting between many small kingdoms
What is the order of succession of Chinese dynasties, starting at 206 B.C.?
Han (206 - 220 A.D.)
Tang (618 - 907 A.D)
Sung (Established in 960 A.D.)
What state of economic development was the Han dynasty comparable to?
The Roman Empire
What happened to Chinese culture and influence during the Tang dynasty?
spreads to Central Asia, Korea, and Japan
What happens to economic center in China during the T.D.?
switches from the grain-growing north to the rice-growing south due to nomadic incursions in the north
Where was the political and economic power during the Sung dynasty?
-the North, agriculture in the south
-linked by an extensive canal system
What did the canal system allow?
Specialization within China
-manufacturing in the north, agriculture in the south
Describe China's agriculture revolution during the Sung dynasty. What happens as a result?
-govt disseminates information to farmers about optimal rice farming
-realize that specific types work better in certain parts of China
-intro to early ripening rice -> allows 2-3 crops per year

As a result of increase in agricultural output, huge population growth (MORE than doubles from 750 A.D. to 1100 A.D.)
In the interim of this rapid popn growth, what happens? What is Sung dynasties wealth relative to the rest of the world?
PROSPERITY
-extension of markets,
-trade,
-specialization,
-technological progress in industry and transportation
-urbanization

MOST PROFITABLE PART OF THE WORLD!
What forms the bulk of government revenue?
Taxes on trade
What was larger: trade within Asia or trade with the West?
Trade within Asia
Sung emperors were focused on improving the welfare of their people through commerce. What was this at odds with?
Confucian doctrines - believed best life was of a small scale farmer

-led more and more people to become farmers and agriculture to become increasingly labour intensive
Who invaded from the North?
The Jurchens (Jin Dynasty)
-halted expansion of iron and steel since many of the deposits were in the North
What did Genghis Khan do? What is the succession of Khans after him?
Unified Mongolian tribes and creates an empire bounded by Iran in the west, Russia in the north, and China in the south and east

His son Ogedei takes over, then Mongke, while Kubilai defeats the Sung

After the death of Mongke, divided between the grandsons of Genghis (Kubilai: China, Hulagu: Iran and Iraq, Chagatal: western Asia, the Golden Horde: Russia)
What does Kubilai do in China?
-Begins Yuan dynasty
-leaves much Chinese society intact but hires foreigners (ex. Marco Polo)
-dynasty lasts until 1356 when peasant revolts displace them
What is the Mongols biggest influence? How does it affect the Islamic world?
-the Mongols encourage trade and establish Pax Mongolica which opens trade routes between China and Europe
-Islamic world is no longer needed as middleman!
What was the state of Europe between 1300-1500?
-repeatedly visited by famine, war, and pestilence
-decline in population of western Europe
What was the cause of famine?
population grew faster than agricultural output
What other factors shrunk the population?
-"Black Death" swept through Europe in 1348-51
-returned repeatedly in the 14th and 15th centuries
-est. to have killed 1/3 of Europeans
-War: continuing battles as nation states attempt to consolidate borders
-Hundred Years War b/w France and England
-Peasant uprisings
What did the declining population mean in economic terms?
-Fewer workers
-higher MPL, but lower MPK
-upward pressure on wages and downward pressure on rents

-REVERSAL OF PREVIOUS CENTURY'S TREND!
How does the labour shortage influence the lords and serfs? How does this change influence the conservative institution?
Since labour is now a scarce commodity, serfs must be treated better.
-wages increase, rent is reduced

Lords also want change --> want to switch to raising animals instead of crops but serfs own all scattered strips of land

Since both lords and labourers want change, land and labour increasingly become market commodities

By 1500, land is farmed by labourers working for wages, or by free farmers paying rent.
What is the difference in Russia at the time?
Russia faces the same labour shortage, but the peasants are not united and are forced into virtual slavery
What happened to knights and the manor?
They became obsolete as warfare technology developed.

Ex 1. Courtrai (1302): French knights slaughtered by Flemish pike phalanx
Ex. 2 Constantinople falls to cannon in 1452
How did higher wages and loss of population influence the formation of nation states?
-higher wages imply that standing armies are more costly
-the loss of population means that feudal revenues are reduced and states must consolidate to increase revenues
Why were property rights needed?
Needed to limit the state's access to revenue
What did the establishment of property rights facilitate?
the equalization of private and social costs
Europe 1400-1700 (state of land, labour, markets and property rights)
-both lords and labourers are free from the conservative customary law of the manor
-markets are still not free (usury laws, guilds dominate, extensive trade restrictions, exploitive Kings) and property rights aren't completely defined
What needs to happen for governments to work towards stronger property rights?
Govt needs to see benefit. If the government gets revenues then the factor owners will get property rights.
What factors determine how much a government would have to concede to get additional revenue?
-perceived benefits to the government
-closeness of competition
-structure of the economy and nature of taxation
Is the development of property rights the same in all countries?
No, goes well in England and the Netherlands but not the case in all countries.
What event in France, turns the King's weak position into a strong one? What does the King (Charles VII) do to further strengthen this position?
Originally, there are many rivals to the throne and the King is in a weak position. However, when the English attack Orleans, the French panic and turn to their King. He establishes Estates General in order to be able to draw large additional revenues. He repels the English with these revenues and then goes around to take out his rivals. This gives him a much stronger position.
What are the effects of this strong position??
-king sells numerous public offices for quick revenues
-notably high internal tariffs that limit trade and market development
-monopolists and guilds dominate the manufacturing sector which stifles competition and innovation
-taxes imposed on everything --> huge bureaucracy

As a result, France is slow to develop
What does Spain decide at this time?
to be the dominant power in Europe and defender of the Catholic faith
What were Spains two biggest sources of revenue? What happened to them? Why was this a problem (i.e. why did they need the money)?
-Netherlands and the Indies
-They lost them
-Needed this revenue to fund expensive constant warfare!
What was its third source of revenue? How did it exploit this revenue source to compensate for the loss of the Netherlands and the Indies? How did these concessions affect agriculture?
-Tax on sheep
-made major concessions to the shepherds' guild
-farmers got screwed a ton!
(no liability for damage, fixed rental fees for grazing, enclosure of communal land prohibited)
-concessions inhibited the growth of agriculture
Spain was desperate for revenue, what did they do as a result?
-expelled Jews and took all their stuff
-expropriated almost everybody
-massive crown borrowing
What were the effects of this bullshit?
No effective property rights. Being wealthy in Spain made you a target.
What was the Netherlands general situation? How did they become wealthy?
-Small country with few resources
-became wealthy by being efficient
How did the Dukes of Burgandy help?
-promoted international trade
-restricted guilds
-no restriction on foreign merchants (establish markets) and craftsmen (huge source of knowledge)
How did the States General contribute to the development of property rights?
-from 1463, had the right to grant or deny tax revenue to the Crown
-puts King in a weak position
What industries was Dutch wealth based off of?
-cloth, transport (shipping), trade, and finance
Where did the cloth industry thrive? Why? What happened as a result?
-it thrived outside of the old industrial cities like Bruges and Ghent because there were fewer guild restrictions.

As a result,
-no limits on output
-no fixing of wage rates
-no guild say in conditions of apprenticeship
-freedom of entry for all
-no regulation of production method (freedom to innovate)
What was the Netherlands a center for?
Trade and finance
Why were trading costs lower in the Netherlands?
-because of high popn density, year round trade and specialization
What developed in the Netherlands at the time?
Standards and commercial law
Where and when do posted prices appear? What are they? What was Amsterdam's "price current"? What did it mean?
-posted prices become common in the late 16th century
-market prices as opposed to prices determined by haggling
-Amsterdam's "price current" adjusted for transport costs, provides the basis for trade elsewhere in Europe
-THE DUTCH DICTATED TERMS OF TRADE FOR ALL OF EUROPE
Technological innovation in shipping...
reduces transport. costs by 1/2 to 1 percent per year between 1500 and 1750
What development of capital markets were there?
-short term instruments for trade
-long term instruments for loans to government
What did independence free Netherlands from? How did they benefit?
-forced loans to the Spanish kings, who are notoriously untrustworthy
-freed capital for trade and caused interest rates to fall which allows investment to increase
How did the Netherlands achieve sustained improvement in per capita income despite a rising population?
-much was at the expense of Italian trading cities like Venice and Genoa which they would undercut
What happened to serfdom in agriculture by the end of the 13th century? Why?
-It disappeared
-the growth of the cloth industry changed the nature of employment
-the existence of cash markets made labour sharing inefficient
-adoption of capital intensive methods and specialization
What was the position of the English king in the 15th century? Why?
-weak
-War of the Roses replaces Plantagenet dynasty with the Tudor dynasty
-rules a divided country and needs the cooperation of the House of Commons (composed of merchants and landowners)
Does Henry VIII gain a stronger position? What makes his situation different from Charles VII in France?
Nope, establishment of the Church of England divides the country as well. Still has to kiss ass to House of Commons.

-There is no external threats to unify the country and strengthen his position

-he cannot gain the same absolute power over taxation as his French counterpart
What do they rely on instead of taxation?
-relied on revenue from grants of monopoly and other policies
-attempted to set up same kind of intensive industrial regulation as the French
Did this legislation have the same effect as in France? Why or why not?
No, luckily it did not cripple the English economy like the French.

Reasons:
-statutes covered existing industries but now new ones, so it actually might have encouraged innovation
-industry moved to the countryside to avoid guild power
-enforcement in the cs was left to the Justice of Peace who were likely to ignore the rules in order to benefit from the local business
-expanding industries needed labour so they ignored the regulations
Who is the last Tudor? What did she support? Who is she replaced by? Why?
-Elizabeth I
-supports the break-away Dutch, encourages raiding of Spanish ships
-dies childless and is replaced by the Stuarts (James I, and Charles I)
Why was the reign of the Stuarts contentious?
-Puritans believed Church of England was too much like Catholic church
-Stuarts insisted that they had the divine right of kings to absolute power
-Charles attempts to rule without parliament and imposes all kinds of levies to raise revenue which damage the English economy
Why did the grant of monopolies under the Stuarts not benefit the economy like it did before?
-before they were ways of avoiding guild rules and inviting foreigners with skills into the markets
-the Stuarts treated them as simply another source of revenue
What two laws did parliament push through to control the Stuarts?
1. Statute of Monopolies (1623) - abolishes the King's right to grant monopolies; introduces patents for innovations

2. Petition of Right (1628) - sets out rights of citizens that cannot be impinged upon by the Crown; establishes the supremacy of "common law" over the monarch's command; protection against arbitrary imprisonment; freedom from taxation without parliamentary representation

ASSISTED IN DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL LAW AND ENTRENCHED PROPERTY RIGHTS