Ecology Test 3

Front 1

alcohol consists of what three main things

Back 1

water, ethanol and sugar

Front 2

what percent of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach

Back 2

20%

Front 3

what percentage of alcohol is metabolized by the liver

Back 3

90%

Front 4

products of alcohol metabolism by ADH promotes what type of synthesis

Back 4

fat

Front 5

reactive oxygen molecules are generated in what patheay

Back 5

MEOS

Front 6

this condition results when alcohol intake exceeds the livers capacity to break it down

Back 6

alcohol intoxication or poisoning

Front 7

circulating alcohol affects what three things in the body

Back 7

central nervous system
breathing
heart rate

Front 8

long term excessive alcohol consumption causes what?

Back 8

malnutrition

Front 9

how many kilocalories does 1 gram of alcohol supply?

Back 9

7

Front 10

moderate drinking limit for women

Back 10

1 per day

Front 11

moderate drinking limit for men

Back 11

2 per day

Front 12

during alcohol absorption, alcohol is diffused wherever there is What?

Back 12

water

Front 13

pertaining to alcohol metabolisim, women have less of this chemical than men

Back 13

alcohol dehydrogenase

Front 14

during alcohol metabolism, the majority of ethanol is actually metabolized by what organ?

Back 14

liver

Front 15

this hormone produced by the pituitary gland responds to the low blood volume and unbalanced fluid

Back 15

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Front 16

alcohol affects which organ the most?

Back 16

the brain

Front 17

alcohol is preferentially synthesized by which organ

Back 17

liver

Front 18

proteins are made up what two things?

Back 18

amino acids and peptide bonds

Front 19

the body uses how many different amino acids to make proteins?

Back 19

20

Front 20

amino acids consists of what four things?

Back 20

Central carbon bonded to hydrogen
Amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl group
R-group

Front 21

when you can’t make or you can’t make enough of an amino acid, it is considered...

Back 21

essential

Front 22

when you can make enough of an amino acid

Back 22

non-essential

Front 23

Sometimes in the process of growth and development or when you have certain conditions, you may be required to consume a certain amino acid, it is referred to as...

Back 23

conditionally essential

Front 24

Disease causing lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

Back 24

PKU

Front 25

PKU makes what amino acid conditionally essential?

Back 25

tyrosine

Front 26

this disease makes it so that you cant consume foods high in protein and presents a need to consume a dietary source of tyrosine

Back 26

PKU

Front 27

term for “turning on” protein synthesis

Back 27

up-regulation

Front 28

term for “turning off” protein synthesis

Back 28

down-regulation

Front 29

the step in protein synthesis where the cell receives a signal that tells it to make a protein

Back 29

Step 1: Cell Signaling

Front 30

this step in protein synthesis where mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) makes a “copy” of a gene

Back 30

Step 2: Transcription

Front 31

known as the information carrier, a blueprint, or a recipe during protein synthesis

Back 31

mRNA

Front 32

these contain the recipes for proteins in your body

Back 32

genes

Front 33

step of protein synthesis where amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes in cytoplasm to make a protein

Back 33

Step 3: Translation

Front 34

chemical bonds that link amino acids together; they are formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of the next amino acid.

Back 34

peptide bond

Front 35

Disease caused by single error in amino acid sequence of hemoglobin

Back 35

sickle cell anemia

Front 36

the two common patterns of the secondary structure of protein

Back 36

alpha-helix
beta-folded sheets

Front 37

when hydrogen bonds form between the amino groups and carboxylic acid groups on the same polypeptides

Back 37

the secondary structure of protein

Front 38

the additional folding of protein because of interactions between the R-groups

Back 38

tertiary

Front 39

when several polypeptide chains coming together to form the final protein

Back 39

Quaternary

Front 40

in reference to the structure of proteins, this is made of four polypeptides holding a “heme” molecule that contains iron

Back 40

hemoglobin

Front 41

this is caused by physical agitation, heat and acids, this is when proteins unfold in unusual ways

Back 41

denaturation

Front 42

what has been known to denature proteins,
disrupt tertiary structure,and cause "Mad Hatters Disease"

Back 42

mercury

Front 43

this acid in gastric juice denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Back 43

Hydrochloric

Front 44

Partially digested proteins enter into where which causes the release of the hormones secretin and CCK.

Back 44

small intestine

Front 45

this stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the intestine

Back 45

secretin

Front 46

these are converted into active enzymes in the small intestine. These also then digest polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and free amino acids.

Back 46

Pancreatic proenzymes

Front 47

this trigggers the release of Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen, Proelastase and Procarboxypeptidase

Back 47

CCK

Front 48

during Amino Acid & Peptide Absorption & Circulation, amino acids must be transferred to where within the cell?

Back 48

brush border

Front 49

where does the absorption of amino acids occur?

Back 49

duodenum

Front 50

this is responsible for energy production, synthesis of glucose or fatty acids, synthesis of non-protein molecules that contain nitrogen.

Back 50

amino acid pool

Front 51

a severe protein deficiency that impairs body’s ability to produce albumin which results in accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces and toxic waste remains in the tissue.

Back 51

edema

Front 52

protein deficiency that results from a diet low in all macronutrients; ketosis
and anorexia may occur.

Back 52

marasmus

Front 53

Diet adequate in carbohydrate
This happens when the first born child is weaned off of the breast milk because a newborn must now receive the breast milk. The first child must then depend on other sources to meet dietary and growth needs.
This is the extended abdomen disease

Back 53

Kwashiorkor

Front 54

Excess amino acids are converted to

Back 54

lipids

Front 55

this process is the removal of amino group to form ammonia and then urea to be finally excreted

Back 55

deamination

Front 56

when nitrogen intake is less than nitrogen output

Back 56

total body protein decreases

Front 57

when nitrogen intake is greater than nitrogen input

Back 57

total body protein increases

Front 58

protein intake should increase during what three events

Back 58

Infancy
Pregnancy
Lactation

Front 59

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for protein

Back 59

10-35%

Front 60

this type of protein can lead to dehydration and osteoporosis

Back 60

purified

Front 61

this theory states to not eat a lot of one thing

Back 61

Dilution Theory

Front 62

type of protein that contains all essential amino acids in the right amounts

Back 62

high quality proteins

Front 63

this type of protein contains adequate amounts of all essential amino acids

Back 63

complete

Front 64

this type of protein where there are low amounts of essential amino acids

Back 64

incomplete

Front 65

to combine foods with incomplete proteins to provide adequate amounts of all essential amino acids

Back 65

Protein Complementation

Front 66

the Physical & chemical breakdown of food

Back 66

digestion

Front 67

the transfer of nutrients from the digestive tract into blood or lymphatic circulatory systems

Back 67

absorption

Front 68

when solid waste is formed and expelled from body

Back 68

elimination

Front 69

within the GI tract, the innermost area that lines the lumen which is covered by epithelial cells

Back 69

mucosa

Front 70

the second layer of the GI tract; it contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels (lacteals) and nerves

Back 70

submucosa

Front 71

moves food through the GI tract. In charge of “motility” and is circular and longitudinal

Back 71

muscularis

Front 72

this protects the GI tract and connects it to the vascular and nervous supplies

Back 72

serosa

Front 73

average "transit time" of digestion

Back 73

24-72 hours

Front 74

this hormone is triggered by the slightest mention of food, scent, thought, regulates gastric juice

Back 74

gastrin

Front 75

from what type of cells is gastrin released?

Back 75

G cells

Front 76

enteric hormone released in small intestine in response to acid chyme. Stimulates release of bicarbonate from pancreas

Back 76

secretin

Front 77

enteric hormone released in small intestine in response to fat in chyme. Stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

Back 77

CCK

Front 78

enteric hormone released in small intestine in response to decreased level of chyme. Slows GI motility and slows release of gastric juices.

Back 78

Gastric inhibitory protein

Front 79

this chemical dissolves food particles,
improves release of some nutrients from foods,
denatures proteins,
destroys bacteria,
activates enzymes like pepsinogen,
provides acidic environment in which digestive enzymes function

Back 79

HCl

Front 80

this digestive juice neutralizes acidic chyme

Back 80

bicarbonate

Front 81

first gestational "barrier" in place between the esophagus and stomach

Back 81

lower esophageal sphincter

Front 82

this keeps food away from trachea
and covers the larynx so it blocks the trachea

Back 82

epiglottis

Front 83

HCl is released from what type of cells

Back 83

parietal

Front 84

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase are resleased from what type of cells

Back 84

chief cells

Front 85

the stomach can stretch to hold up to how many cups of food after a large meal

Back 85

16

Front 86

the malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter that allows reflux of acid contents of stomach into the esophagus

Back 86

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

Front 87

the bacteria that causes ulcers

Back 87

helicobacter pylori

Front 88

this sphincter regulates the flow of pancreatic juice & bile into small intestine

Back 88

sphincter of oddi

Front 89

in the liver, this organ synthesizes bile and sends it to gallbladder

Back 89

secretin

Front 90

in the pancreas this hormone synthesizes bicarbonate and delivers it to the small intestine

Back 90

secretin

Front 91

this hormone causes the gallbladder to contract

Back 91

CCK

Front 92

in the pancreas, this hormone sends pancreatic enzymes to the small intestine

Back 92

CCK

Front 93

the three parts in order, of the small intestine

Back 93

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 94

this vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver

Back 94

hepatic portal vein

Front 95

the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to one of lower; no energy is required

Back 95

simple diffusion

Front 96

the movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower with the aid of a carrier molecule; no energy is required

Back 96

facilitated diffusion

Front 97

the transport of substances across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier molecule and the expenditure of energy; this may occur across a concentration gradient.

Back 97

active transport

Front 98

part of the lymphatic circulatory system this transports nutrients that are not water soluble

Back 98

lacteal

Front 99

the valve in between the small and large intestine

Back 99

ileocecal valve

Front 100

the funtions of this micrabacteria found in the large intestine include the break down of undigested food, production of vitamin K and synthesizing certain B vitamins

Back 100

microflora

Front 101

the beneficial bacteria that promote healthy micro flora in the body

Back 101

probiotics

Front 102

substances that serve as a food supply for beneficial bacteria

Back 102

prebiotics

Front 103

ATP consists of what two things

Back 103

adenosine and 3 phosphate groups

Front 104

this type of fluid makes of 2/3 of water in the body and is high in protein and potassium

Back 104

intracellular fluid

Front 105

this type of fluid contains little protein and the most sodium and chloride

Back 105

extracellular fluid

Front 106

this type of fluid contains lymph, blood plasma and extra-cellular fluid; it has the least protein

Back 106

Interstitial

Front 107

The fluid pressure of blood against the blood vessels

Back 107

blood pressure