Ecology Test 1

Front 1

Population

Back 1

Collective group of individuals of species inhabiting area small enough for interbreeding and functioning biotic community.

Front 2

Population Dynamics

Back 2

Study of change in distribution abundance organisms in space-time

Front 3

Environment

Back 3

External conditions resources both living non-living affecting organisms during life

Front 4

Lithosphere

Back 4

Earth's crust

Front 5

Hydrosphere

Back 5

Water liquid

Front 6

Atmosphere

Back 6

Mass of air

Front 7

Biosphere

Back 7

Zone of life

Front 8

Troposphere

Back 8

Lower atmosphere. where weather occurs.

Front 9

Climate

Back 9

Combination of weather condition over area determined by temperature and precipitation

Front 10

Weather

Back 10

Short-term State atmosphere at given place and time

Front 11

Properties of environment described by resources and conditions

Back 11

Conditions abiotic environmental factors varying in space-time to which organisms differentially respond. Resources all things consumed by organism

Front 12

Four generalizations regarding environmental conditions relating to survival growth and reproduction

Back 12

1. Each species has optimal range. 2. Liebig's law says organisms tolerance defined by limiting conditions. 3. Distribution abundance of species usually limited by suboptimal conditions. 4. Effects of single suboptimal condition difficult to interpret due to interaction

Front 13

List 6 generalizations regarding environmental resources relating to survival growth and reproduction

Back 13

1. Both quantity and quality of food important. 2. Most insects utilize number different food sources. 3. Most insects have preferred host. 4. Some insects have single host. 5. Some adults and immatures have different food sources. 6. Phytophagous insects often adapted to particular plant structures.

Front 14

Habitat

Back 14

Natural environment where insects found

Front 15

Two ways in which properties of individuals are expressed

Back 15

1. Genotype genetic makeup of organism. 2. Phenotype physical physiological and behavioral traits of organism.

Front 16

7 adaptations of insects for reproduction

Back 16

Sexual reproduction. Parthogenesis. Neoteny. Polyembryony. Semiochemicals. Viviparity. Sex ratio.

Front 17

Parthenogenesis

Back 17

Development of unfertilized eggs

Front 18

Neoteny

Back 18

Reproduction by immature.

Front 19

Polyembryony

Back 19

Several embryos from one egg

Front 20

Pheromone

Back 20

Communication between individuals of same species

Front 21

Kairomone

Back 21

Chemical benefits receiver harms producer

Front 22

Allomone

Back 22

Chemical benefits producer by effect on receiver

Front 23

6 adaptations of insects to obtain food and water

Back 23

1. Mouthparts and digestive features. 2. Water securement and conservation. 3. Competition. 4. Ecological segregation and coexistence. 5. Specialized adaptation of parasitic insects

Front 24

Identify the six types of insect mouthparts and example

Back 24

1. Chewing coleoptera. 2. Cutting sponging diptera. 3. Sponging diptera. 4. Siphoning lepidoptera. 5. Piercing-sucking hemiptera. 6. Chewing lapping hymenoptera

Front 25

Identify five ways insects can secure and conserve water

Back 25

1. Drinking 2. Extracting from food 3. Absorption through cuticle 4. Byproduct of metabolism 5. Conservation by excreting uric acid crystals instead of urea.

Front 26

Resource partitioning in terms of providing food and water

Back 26

Use of different limited resources by two or more species

Front 27

List four specialized adaptations of parasitic insects and parasitoids for finding their hosts

Back 27

1. Tactile sensing 2. Heat perception 3. Sound perception 4. Chemical perception

Front 28

List seven adaptations of insects to avoid being eaten

Back 28

1. Crypsis 2. Mimicry 3. Camouflage 4. Parental care 5. Autotomy 6. Mechanical defense

Front 29

Define camouflage

Back 29

Pattern conveying not there

Front 30

Mimesis

Back 30

Resembling an inedible object

Front 31

Batesian mimicry

Back 31

Resembling unpalatable species by palatable species

Front 32

Mullerian mimicry

Back 32

Resembling unpalatable species by unpalatable species

Front 33

Two examples of Parental Care by insects used to avoid predation

Back 33

1. Nesting by social hymenoptera 2. Ootheca of cockroaches

Front 34

Autotomy

Back 34

Shedding of appendages buy crane flies

Front 35

Two examples of mechanical defenses to avoid predation

Back 35

1. Morphological structures body shape of fleas. 2. Shelter case of caddisfly larvae

Front 36

Phenological strategy

Back 36

Set of adaptations leading to seasonal timing of recurrent events in life cycle

Front 37

List seven adaptations of insects to survive hazardous seasonal conditions

Back 37

1. Seasonal migration 2. Seasonal polyphenism 3. Diapause 4. Drought and heat hardiness 5. Cold hardiness 6. Quiescence 7. Dispersal

Front 38

Diapause

Back 38

Adaptation to avoid widespread seasonal change. Hormonaly mediated state of low metabolic activity example boll weevil

Front 39

Quiescence

Back 39

Adaptation to avoid localized seasonal change. Delayed growth and reproduction until conditions favorable

Front 40

Migration

Back 40

Intentional directional seasonal movement between two regions monarch butterfly

Front 41

Seasonal polyphenism

Back 41

Environmentally induced difference between successive generation regions example peppered moth

Front 42

Fitness

Back 42

Proportional contribution of individual to Future Generations

Front 43

Three basic population processes

Back 43

1. Natality. 2. Mortality. 3. Dispersal

Front 44

Potential natality

Back 44

Theoretical production individuals under ideal environmental conditions

Front 45

Realized natality

Back 45

Actual production individuals under given environmental conditions

Front 46

Physiological longevity

Back 46

Average length of Life under optimal environmental conditions

Front 47

Realized longevity

Back 47

Observed length life under given environmental conditions

Front 48

Life table

Back 48

Age-specific summary mortality agents operating on a population. Keeps track of offspring that each female produce and each one's death and cause of death

Front 49

Dispersal

Back 49

Movement of individual or population away from place of birth or origin

Front 50

List four positive roles of dispersal

Back 50

1. Colonization habitats 2. Exploitation food 3. Likelihood mating 4. Increased Fitness through heterozygosity

Front 51

List four negative roles of dispersal

Back 51

1. Deposition of an suitable host or site. 2. Exposure to natural enemies. 3. Exposure to unfavorable weather. 4. Reduced likelihood mating.

Front 52

Define demographic equation

Back 52

NT plus one equals NT plus Births minus deaths plus immigrants minus emigrants where N is a population state variable and T is time

Front 53

Density as it relates to insect population

Back 53

Number of individuals per unit area or volume

Front 54

Absolute estimate

Back 54

Number per unit area

Front 55

Relative estimate

Back 55

Catch per unit effort such as sweeps per sweep net.

Front 56

Population index

Back 56

Estimate based on products of insect activity such as webs or dead trees

Front 57

Life cycle

Back 57

Sequence of morphological stages and physiological phase that link one generation to the next that are same for all members of species

Front 58

Life history

Back 58

Significant features of life cycle through which an organism passes referencing strategies influencing survival growth and reproduction

Front 59

Generation for an insect

Back 59

Mean time. Between reproduction of parent generation and reproduction of first filial generation

Front 60

Dispersion

Back 60

Spatial and temporal dispersion of individuals

Front 61

Dispersal

Back 61

Movement of individual or population away from place of birth or origin

Front 62

Three types of dispersion patterns

Back 62

1. Random dispersion 2. Regular dispersion 3. Clumped dispersion

Front 63

What two basic elements are described by an age pyramid

Back 63

1 Proportion of individuals by 2. age class

Front 64

Adaptive evolution

Back 64

Change and genotypes over time by natural selection or mutation

Front 65

Coevolution

Back 65

Reciprocal changes in interacting species that elicits evolutionary responses

Front 66

List five basic propositions of adaptive evolution

Back 66

1. Uniqueness of individuals 2. Variation is heritable 3. Births and deaths 4. Descendant 5. Interaction of individuals with environment

Front 67

Define rate as applied to a population

Back 67

Change in quantity divided by period of time during change

Front 68

Instantaneous population growth rate

Back 68

dN/dt

Front 69

Specific instantaneous population growth rate

Back 69

dN/Ndt

Front 70

Percent specific instantaneous population growth rate

Back 70

dN/Ndt x100

Front 71

Intrinsic rate of increase or rmax or biotic potential

Back 71

Difference between rates of births and deaths in an Optimum environment

Front 72

Environmental resistance

Back 72

Sum Total Environmental Factor preventing intrinsic rate of increase from being

Front 73

Carrying capacity k

Back 73

Number individuals in population that resources of habitat can support

Front 74

5 attributes of an R strategist

Back 74

1. Rapid development. 2. High rmax. 3. Early reproduction. 4. Single reproduction. 5. Short life cycle.

Front 75

5 attributes of a k strategist

Back 75

1. Slow development. 2. Low rmax. 3. Late reproduction. 4. Repeated reproduction. 5. Long life cycle.

Front 76

7 factors affecting the distribution and abundance of insect population

Back 76

1. Climate/weather. 2. Food quality quantity. 3. Heat susceptibility/habitat suitability. 4. Parasitization. 5. Disease. 6. Intraspecific competition. 7. Interspecific competition.

Front 77

Density dependent mortality

Back 77

Mortality regulated as a function of population size

Front 78

Density independent mortality

Back 78

Mortality regulated independent of population size

Front 79

Unitary organism

Back 79

Zygote leading to discrete unit with determinant number of parts. Example insects

Front 80

Modular organism

Back 80

Develops from zygote by repeated sequential iteration of multicellular units or modules. Example plants

Front 81

Three groups of insects considered modular organisms

Back 81

1. Termites. 2. Ants. 3. Bees