Ecology Test 1

Front 1

Non-living factors are also called ________________ factors.

Back 1

Abiotic

Front 2

___________ ecology examines interspecific relationships.

Back 2

Community

Front 3

This is an area of land containing a patchwork of ecosystems.

Back 3

Landscape

Front 4

This is a biological community and all abiotic fators that influence that community.

Back 4

Ecosystem

Front 5

In an experiment, the group that lacks the experimental variable is the __________________.

Back 5

Control group

Front 6

A hypothesis that is written in the negative form is considered a _________ hypothesis.

Back 6

Null

Front 7

A general description of mean temp. and mean precipitation conditions over the course of one year is considered the region’s ____________________.

Back 7

Climate

Front 8

Which of the following are characteristics of life?

metabolism - homeostasis - nutrient intake - level of organization - releasing CO2 - reproduction - consisting of cell/s - breathing oxygen - growth

Back 8

Metabolism, homeostasis, nutrient intake, level of organization, reproduction, consisting of cell/s, and growth

Front 9

This biome is described by broad-leaved deciduous forest and can receive 65-300cm of precipitation annually.

Back 9

Temperate forest

Front 10

Which of the following cause/s the earth’s climate?

spherical shape of earth - earth’s rotation on axis - weather - orbit of earth around sun - axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Back 10

Spherical shape of earth, Earth’s rotation on axis, Orbit of earth around sun, and Axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Front 11

The latitudinal demarcation at 23.5 degrees N is _____________________.

Back 11

Tropic of Cancer

Front 12

Which of the following cause/s uneven heating of the earth?

spherical shape of earth - earth’s rotation on axis - weather - orbit of earth around sun - axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Back 12

Spherical shape of earth, Earth's rotation on axis, Orbit of earth around sun, and Axis tilt of 23.5 degrees

Front 13

This results in deserts/ dry areas on the leeward side and wet areas on the windward side of coastal mountain ranges.

Back 13

Rainshadow Effect

Front 14

Because climate diagrams depict the mean annual precip. and mean annual temp. conditions over a broad geographic region, they illustrate the area’s ________.

Back 14

Macroclimate

Front 15

This biome usually occurs at 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S and receives less than 25 (30)cm of
precipitation annually.

Back 15

Desert

Front 16

Terrestrial biomes are distinguished from each other by these three characteristics: ______________, __________________, and _____________________.

Back 16

Average annual temperature, average annual precipitation, and predominant vegetation

Front 17

This terrestrial biome is distinguished by 50-250 cm rain/ year and is primarily found between 10 and 25 degrees latitude.

Back 17

Tropical Dry Forest

Front 18

This terrestrial biome typically has poor soils because most of the nutrients are tied up in the biomass and heavy rains also leach nutrients from the soils

Back 18

Tropical Rainforest

Front 19

This aquatic biome (ecosystem) is perhaps the most challenging aquatic environment to inhabit successfully and is under the influence of the tides.

Back 19

Intertidal Zone (marine shoreline)

Front 20

Both coral reefs and this aquatic biome (ecosystem) are both typically located in shallow water areas along continents or islands. However, unlike coral reefs, this biome is located in temperate areas.

Back 20

Kelp Forests

Front 21

This terrestrial biome is found in North America and typically has cold winters and hot summers with moderately frequent fires.

Back 21

Temperate Grassland

Front 22

This terrestrial biome is distinguished by less than 25 (30)cm of precipitation/ year. It is one of the most, if not the most, challenging biome in which to successfully survive as an organism.

Back 22

Desert

Front 23

Wetlands that can border an estuary include ______________ in temperate environments and ________________ in tropical and subtropical environments.

Back 23

Salt marshes, Mangrove forests

Front 24

This terrestrial biome covers about 20% of the earth’s land surface, and although it receives relatively little precipitation (less than 20-60cm/ year) it can be boggy especially during summer months.

Back 24

Tundra

Front 25

This terrestrial biome typically contains permafrost.

Back 25

Tundra

Front 26

Freshwater biomes that function as basins in the landscape include ____________ and ______________.

Back 26

Lakes and Ponds

Front 27

This terrestrial biome is typically located within 10 degrees latitude of the equator.

Back 27

Tropical Rainforest

Front 28

This terrestrial biome is confined to the northern hemisphere (at least currently) and receives an average of 20-60cm of precipitation/ year with relatively short summers.

Back 28

Taiga

Front 29

This terrestrial biome is located primarily in the Mediterranean and North America, including in California. It is characterized by hot, dry summers, and cool, moist autumns, winters, and springs.

Back 29

Temperate Woodland/Shrubland (sometimes called chaparral)

Front 30

This terrestrial biome is typically located between 30-55 degrees latitude and receives about 65-400cm precipitation/ year.

Back 30

Temperate Forest

Front 31

This terrestrial biome is dominated by coniferous trees and soils are often poor.

Back 31

Taiga (Boreal forest)

Front 32

This is the dynamic exchanges of water on a global scale.

Back 32

Hydrologic Cycle

Front 33

List the 3 states of matter for water

Back 33

Liquid, gas, solid

Front 34

Two physical conditions important in bodies of water are _______________ and _______________.

Back 34

Light and temperature

Front 35

___________, known as the concentration of dissolved salt in water, along with ____________, and ________________ are important chemical conditions in bodies of water.

Back 35

salinity, dissolved gases, dissolved nutrients

Front 36

Dissolved oxygen concentrations are usually higher at the ____________ than at great depths of water.

Back 36

Surface

Front 37

This zone is from the coast to the margin of the continental shelf.

Back 37

Neritic zone

Front 38

A bottom dwelling organism is called a________________ organism.

Back 38

Benthic

Front 39

Which of the following play roles in the hydrologic cycle?

Solar energy - Evaporation - Transpiration - Water runoff - Rain - Snow - Cloud formation - Lakes - Underground aquifers

Back 39

All of them

Front 40

________________ are biomes usually found in shallow water along temperate island or continents.

Back 40

Kelp forests

Front 41

Which of the following influence ocean currents?

Winds - Earth’s rotation - Water density differences - Ripples - Land masses

Back 41

Winds, Earth's rotation, Water density differences, and Land masses

Front 42

A _________________ is a layer of water that separates warm and cold water layers.

Back 42

Thermocline

Front 43

Which of the following is/are properties of water?

Biological solvent - High heat of vaporization - Most dense at 4 degrees Celsius - Adhesion/ Cohesion

Back 43

All of them

Front 44

_________ lakes have thermal stratification year-round.

Back 44

Tropical Lakes

Front 45

These are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that drift in oceanic currents.

Back 45

Phytoplankton

Front 46

An _____________ is a transition zone where a freshwater river empties into the ocean.

Back 46

Estuary

Front 47

This is the mechanism that drives evolution.

Back 47

Natural Selection

Front 48

Evolution can only occur at this level of ecological organization.

Back 48

Population level

Front 49

A __________________ is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein, i.e. trait.

Back 49

Gene

Front 50

A person who is ________________ for a trait has 2 different alleles for that trait.

Back 50

Heterozygous

Front 51

A ________________ is the genetic make-up of alleles.

Back 51

Genotype

Front 52

__________________ is a measure of the number of offspring contributed by an individual that survive to reproduce and all offspring related to those individuals.

Back 52

Fitness

Front 53

A _____________ is a change in a DNA sequence.

Back 53

Mutation

Front 54

Which of the following are assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory?

No DNA - No mutations - No immigration - Random mating - No mating - Equal fitness among all genotypes - Small population size - Mass migrations i. genetic mutations

Back 54

No mutations, No immigration, Random mating, and Equal fitness among all genotypes

Front 55

________________ is a change in allele frequencies due to random events.

Back 55

Genetic Drift

Front 56

Which of the following is/are an example/s of natural selection?

Industrial melanism - Green tree leaves to blend in with green grass - Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics - The development of cephalopods, like octopus, to drastically change color - Development of the pug dog

Back 56

Industrial melanism, Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and the development of cephalopods, like octopus, to drastically change color.

Front 57

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory predict?

Back 57

Allele frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces

Front 58

Which of the following is/are an example/s of a violation of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory?

Exposure to carcinogens, like radiation - Population size of 5 individuals - A culture with arranged marriages - Population size of 1 billion individuals

Back 58

Exposure to carcinogens, like radiation, population size of 5 individuals, and a culture with arranged mariages

Front 59

This is a drastic reduction in population size due to a random event.

Back 59

Bottleneck Effect

Front 60

Write the 2 mathematical equations associated with Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Theory.

Back 60

p +q = 1
P2 +2pq + q2 = 1 or (p+q)2 = 1

Front 61

What does the variable “p” represent in the Hardy-Weingberg equations?

Back 61

P = the frequency of the dominant allele in the population

Front 62

This is water loss by plants.

Back 62

Transpiration

Front 63

A plant adapted for environments with limited moisture availability is a_____________________.

Back 63

Xerophyte

Front 64

A giant rosette growth form is most common in __________________________ plants.

Back 64

Tropical Alpine

Front 65

Plants that can generate enough heat to maintain their body temperatures well above ambient air temperatures are called_______________________.

Back 65

Thermogenic Plants

Front 66

Plants can lose water through the process of _______________, but also through the production of secretions such as_______________ and reproductive structures like __________ and ___________.

Back 66

Transpiration; Nectar; Fruits; Seeds (dry fruits)

Front 67

These are microscopic pores in the leaves (mostly) and stems of plants that allow gas exchange and water loss._____________

Back 67

Stomata

Front 68

An animal whose body temperature varies directly with ambient temperatures is called a ___________.

Back 68

Poikilotherm

Front 69

Which of the following are mechanisms of heat exchange?

Conduction - Convection - Radiation - Evaporative cooling - Hair

Back 69

Conduction, Convection, Radiation, and Evaporative cooling

Front 70

An animal who maintains a constant internal body temperature, regardless of external temperatures is called a ___________.

Back 70

Homeotherm

Front 71

Which of the following is/are method/s of temperature regulation in arid adapted plants?

Dense foliage - Open growth form - Small leaves - Leaves parallel to sun - Leaves perpendicular to sun

Back 71

Open growth form, Small leaves, and Leaves parallel to sun

Front 72

An animal who relies primarily on external heat sources to regulate body temperature is called an __________________.

Back 72

Ectotherm

Front 73

Which of the following is/are method/s of temperature regulation in arctic/ alpine plants?

Cushion growth form - Open growth form - Foliage far above ground to catch sun - Dark pigmented leaves - Leaves parallel to sun - Leaves perpendicular to sun

Back 73

Cushion growth form, Dark pigmented leaves, and Leaves perpendicular to sun

Front 74

The expansion or increase in diameter of blood vessels in an effort to increase heat loss is called
______________________.

Back 74

Vasodilation

Front 75

The arrangement of arteries and veins to retain heat within the body is called___________________.

Back 75

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

Front 76

True or false? Partial or quasi endotherms are just endotherms with a lessened or partial ability to regulate internal temperature.

Back 76

False

Front 77

The passive, net movement of water molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration is called________________________.

Back 77

Osmosis

Front 78

Water released during cellular respiration (a series of chemical reactions that convert glucose into ATP energy) is called _________________.

Back 78

Metabolic water

Front 79

Animals that expend energy to control water gain or loss from their cells are called_______________.

Back 79

Osmoregulators

Front 80

This is a state of significantly lowered body temperature and significantly lowered metabolic rate during prolonged dry or hot periods_____.

Back 80

Estivation

Front 81

Which of the following is/are method/s of water conservation or retention in animals?

Concentration of nitrogenous wastes - Condense & reclaim water vapor in breath - Waterproofing with lipid-type molecules - Body position parallel to sun - Body position perpendicular to sun - Chloride cells to expel excess salts - Rectal gland to expel excess salts

Back 81

Concentration of nitrogenous wastes, Condense & reclaim water vapor in breath, Waterproofing with lipid-type molecules, Body position parallel to sun, Chloride cells to expel excess salts, and Rectal gland to expel excess salts

Front 82

This is the largest terrestrial biome in North America and the land are of this biome is even larger in Eurasia. This biome has between 30-100 cm precipitation/ year. Taller grasses and more fertile soils typically occur with higher
rainfall amounts.

Back 82

Temperate Grassland

Front 83

What is ecology?

Back 83

The study of the relationships between organisms and the environment

Front 84

What is biology?

Back 84

The study of life

Front 85

What does biotic mean?

Back 85

Living things

Front 86

What does abiotic mean?

Back 86

Non-living things

Front 87

What does intraspecific mean?

Back 87

Between individuals of the same species

Front 88

What does interspecific mean?

Back 88

Between individuals of different species

Front 89

What is the scientific method?

Back 89

Method of gaining facts by formulating possible solutions and testing those possible solutions

Front 90

What is a hypothesis?

Back 90

Testable, Explains observation, predicts future events related to same observation

Front 91

What is a controlled experiment?

Back 91

Contains a control group, experimental group, and an experimental variable

Front 92

What is a control group?

Back 92

Locks factor being tested

Front 93

What is an experimental group?

Back 93

Group in the experiment that is receiving the factor being tested

Front 94

What is an experimental (independent) variable?

Back 94

Variable being tested

Front 95

What does physiological mean?

Back 95

Function of living systems

Front 96

What is a population?

Back 96

Group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a given area (Intraspecific interactions)

Front 97

What is a community?

Back 97

Association of interacting species inhabiting a specific area, more than one species. (Interspecific interaction)

Front 98

What is an ecosystem?

Back 98

Biological community and all abiotic factors influencing that community (Biotic AND Abiotic)

Front 99

What is a landscape?

Back 99

Areas of land containing a patchwork of ecosystems (Exchange between ecosystem)

Front 100

What is a region?

Back 100

Landscapes within a given area (Large scale/ long term processes) - Geographic ecology

Front 101

What is a biosphere?

Back 101

All portions of earth that support life (Largest spatial scale) - Global ecology

Front 102

What is spatial scale?

Back 102

Individual ----> Global scales

Front 103

What is temporal scale?

Back 103

Short term ----> Long term scales

Front 104

What is taxonomy?

Back 104

Science of naming and classifying organisms

Front 105

What is binomial nomenclature?

Back 105

Method of naming organisms - Genus species

Front 106

What is homeostasis?

Back 106

Maintenance of constant internal conditions that are different from external environment

Front 107

What is metabolism?

Back 107

All chemical reactions that occur within an organisms

Front 108

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

Back 108

Levels of organization

Metabolism
Response to environmental stimuli

DNA

Generative processes

Control processes

Homeostasis

Front 109

What are the 8 levels of taxonomy?

Back 109

Domain
Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Front 110

What is the difference between freshwater and saltwater (marine)?

Back 110

Freshwater: <1% of earth's water, <1% salt content

Saltwater: 97% of earth's water, avg. 3% salt content

Front 111

What are the unique properties of water?

Back 111

Biological solvent, Adhesion/Cohesion, High specific heat, High surface tension, High heat of vaporization, Less dense as solid,

Front 112

What is a riparian zone?

Back 112

Transitional zone between aquatic environment of river/stream and upland terrestrial environment

Front 113

What is a thermocline?

Back 113

Transition zone in lakes and ponds

Front 114

What is evolution?

Back 114

A process that changes populations of organisms over time

Front 115

What is natural selection?

Back 115

Differential reproduction and survival of individuals in a population due to environmental influences on the population: proposed by Charlies Darwin as primary mechanisms driving evolution

Front 116

What is fitness?

Back 116

The number of offspring contributed by an individual relative to the number of offspring produced by the other members of the population.

Front 117

What is a phenotype?

Back 117

Physical characteristics of an animal/plant

Front 118

What is a genotype?

Back 118

Genetic make-up of alleles

Front 119

What is an allele?

Back 119

Alternative form of the same gene

Front 120

What does heterozygous mean?

Back 120

2 different alleles for given/ same gene

Front 121

What does homozygous mean?

Back 121

2 of same alleles for given/ same gene

Front 122

What is genetic drift?

Back 122

Change in gene frequencies in a population due to chance or random events.

Front 123

What is inbreeding?

Back 123

Mating between close relatives

Front 124

What is a microclimate?

Back 124

Localized climate conditions over a small scale (influenced by landscape)

Front 125

What is a macroclimate?

Back 125

Reported on a climate diagram (Large scale areas)