Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
usable energy made from the decay of dead organisms
|
fossil fuels
|
|
|
the geologic time period where most fossil fuels formed
|
Carboniferous Period
|
|
|
the rock-like fossil fuel mined from the ground
|
coal
|
|
|
the thick, liquid fossil fuel which is drilled from the ground
|
oil
|
|
|
the gaseous fossil fuel
|
natural gas
|
|
|
the most common specific gas in natural gas
|
methane
|
|
|
because fossil fuels will run out faster than they can be replaced, they are called this
|
nonrenewable
|
|
|
almost 20 million acres of preserved wilderness in Alaska
|
ANWR
|
|
|
what is the biggest use of petroleum
|
transportation fuel
|
|
|
what is the biggest use of coal
|
electricity
|
|
|
usable energy made from the decay of dead organisms
|
fossil fuels
|
|
|
the geologic time period where most fossil fuels formed
|
Carboniferous Period
|
|
|
the rock-like fossil fuel mined from the ground
|
coal
|
|
|
the thick, liquid fossil fuel which is drilled from the ground
|
oil
|
|
|
the gaseous fossil fuel
|
natural gas
|
|
|
the most common specific gas in natural gas
|
methane
|
|
|
because fossil fuels will run out faster than they can be replaced, they are called this
|
nonrenewable
|
|
|
almost 20 million acres of preserved wilderness in Alaska
|
ANWR
|
|
|
what is the biggest use of petroleum
|
transportation fuel
|
|
|
what is the biggest use of coal
|
electricity
|
|
|
a coil of wire that rotates in a magnetic field to make electricity
|
generator
|
|
|
a sophisticated paddlewheel attached to a generator that will turn by steam
|
turbine
|
|
|
waste heat discharged into the environment
|
thermal pollution
|
|
|
educated guesses about the oil available in an area
|
estimated reserves
|
|
|
ordinary pumping of oil
|
primary recovery
|
|
|
getting more oil out of an oil field by injecting other materials into the well
|
enhanced recovery
|
|
|
the idea that the amount of oil available could be expressed as a bell curve
|
Hubbert’s Peak
|
|
|
when the Arab oil exporters demanded higher oil prices and restricted production
|
OPEC embargo
|
|
|
getting coal from surface mines
|
strip mining
|
|
|
when coal is chemically converted to a liquid fuel
|
synfuel
|
|
|
energy found in the nucleus of atoms
|
nuclear energy
|
|
|
combining small atoms to make a larger one
|
nuclear fusion
|
|
|
breaking apart large, unstable atoms to make smaller ones
|
nuclear fission
|
|
|
unstable atoms of an element that decay to more stable atoms
|
radioisotopes
|
|
|
the most common isotope used in nuclear reactors
|
U-235
|
|
|
the most common isotope of uranium
|
U-238
|
|
|
the process of separating out the U-235 to make nuclear fuel
|
enrichment
|
|
|
when one atom of U-235 splits and the released particles cause another to split
|
chain reaction
|
|
|
in a nuclear reactor, these keep the chain reaction from going too fast
|
control rods
|
|
|
the fluid around the fuel rods that slows the neutrons to allow the reaction to occur
|
moderator
|
|
|
keeping the radioactive material away from the environment
|
containment
|
|
|
the planned site for radioactive waste disposal
|
Yucca Mountain
|
|
|
nuclear safety using operator controlled actions
|
active safety
|
|
|
nuclear safety using gravity and temperature, more safe
|
passive safety
|
|
|
when nuclear power plants are shut down
|
decommissioning
|
|
|
a nuclear reactor that makes more fuel as it goes
|
breeder reactor
|
|
|
getting as much uranium as possible out of spent fuel
|
reprocessing
|
|
|
energy from the heat at the center of the earth
|
geothermal
|
|
|
getting energy from living and/or dead organisms
|
biofuels
|
|
|
a structure used to collect tidal energy
|
tidal barrage
|
|
|
electricity generated by water falling over a dam
|
hydroelectric
|
|
|
a wafer of semiconductors used to collect solar energy and convert it to electricity
|
photovoltaic cell
|
|
|
an EPA program to incentivize more energy efficient buildings and appliances
|
Energy Star
|
|
|
a long supporting rod found in the backs of vertebrates and other chordates
|
notochord
|
|
|
paired structures in the throat of developing chordates
|
pharyngeal pouches
|
|
|
What do pharyngeal pouches become in fish
|
gills
|
|
|
what is the characteristic that all vertebrate chordates share
|
a backbone or spine
|
|
|
the skeleton of most fish is composed of what material
|
bone
|
|
|
how do most fish obtain oxygen
|
gills
|
|
|
the first vertebrates
|
fish
|
|
|
how does water pass through the gills
|
from openings in mouth out openings in pharynx
|
|
|
describe the circulatory system of fish
|
single closed loop
|
|
|
what are olfactory bulbs used for
|
sense of smell
|
|
|
the organ that adjusts buoyancy in fish
|
swim bladder
|
|
|
the type of reproduction with internal fertilization and external development
|
oviparous
|
|
|
the sensory structure in fish that detects movement in the water
|
lateral line system
|
|
|
jawless fish alive today
|
lamprey and hagfish
|
|
|
the meaning of the classification Chondrichthyes
|
cartilaginous fish - cartilage skeletons
|
|
|
what is one way amphibians and fish are different
|
fish have scales and don't have half their lives on land
|
|
|
Will lungfish leave good fossils? Why/why not?
|
yes - bony skeleton
|
|
|
What do amphibians not have that reptiles do have?
|
dry scaly skin and claws
|
|
|
What are some amphibian traits that helped them support their weight on land?
|
strong limbs and limb girdles and a bony cage around their organs for protection
|
|
|
Which amphibian heart chamber has the most oxygen?
|
left atrium
|
|
|
common tube for urine, feces, and reproductive materials
|
cloaca
|
|
|
skin camo helps protect against animals that hunt using what sense?
|
vision
|
|
|
for what is the tympanic membrane used?
|
hearing
|
|
|
Why do amphibian eggs easily dry out?
|
no shell, just jelly-like material
|
|
|
which amphibian has the least developed limb girdles?
|
caecilians
|
|
|
Where on earth don't reptiles live?
|
cold areas
|
|
|
What is the easiest way to tell a bird from a mammal and a reptile?
|
skin
|
|
|
most reptiles exchange gases through what structures?
|
lungs
|
|
|
How do ectotherms maintain temperature?
|
behavior - moving into shade to colld down or into sun to warm up
|
|
|
What allowed reptiles to go through a major adaptive radiation during the mesozoic era?
|
didn't need water to breathe or reproduce
|
|
|
What reptile has the least mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
|
crocodilians
|
|
|
Excretion of uric acid helps animals to do what? In what habitat would that be the most useful?
|
conserve water - desert
|
|
|
Why do snakes flick their tongues?
|
get chemicals out of the air for smell
|
|
|
How do pit vipers find their prey?
|
sense body heat
|
|
|
How are reptile limbs better than amphibian limbs?
|
under body for more support - don't drag body when walk
|
|
|
Do reptiles have internal or external fertilization?
|
internal
|
|
|
Are reptiles oviparous or ovoviviparous?
|
oviparous
|
|
|
How many chambers are in a crocodilian heart?
|
4
|
|
|
Caimans and gavials are in what reptilian group?
|
crocodilia
|
|
|
What is the dorsal shell of a turtle?
|
carapace
|
|
|
What is the ventral shell of a turtle?
|
plastron
|
|
|
What order of reptiles has the least flexible back?
|
testudines
|
|
|
Do all birds fly?
|
no
|
|
|
What are characteristics of birds?
|
feathers, wings, endothermy
|
|
|
What is the purpose of contour feathers?
|
flight
|
|
|
Put a bird's digestive tract in order.
|
mouth esophagus crop gizzard intestine cloaca
|
|
|
What happens in the crop?
|
food is moistened and stored
|
|
|
What happens in the gizzard?
|
food is ground up
|
|
|
What is an endotherm?
|
internal temperature regulation - behavior
|
|
|
What is the function of contour feathers?
|
flight
|
|
|
Why are bird respiratory systems so efficient?
|
one way flow - get more oxygen
|
|
|
Why do high altitude flyers need better respirtion?
|
less oxygen
|
|
|
How many chambers are in a bird heart? What is the advantage of this?
|
4 - no mixing
|
|
|
What happens to the bones in birds to help with flight?
|
fuse - lighter (hollow)
|
|
|
How are bird and reptile eggs different?
|
material for shell - leathery in reptiles and calcified in birds
|
|
|
Describe traits unique to a bird of prey.
|
sharp beak and talons, excellent vision
|
|
|
Why are insect-eating birds good for people?
|
keep insect population in check
|
|
|
What did DDT do to birds?
|
made shells weak so they broke
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of mammals?
|
hair, feed milk, endothermy
|
|
|
What do female mammals have that male mammals don't?
|
mammary glands to feed newborns
|
|
|
What are the three groups of mammals?
|
monotremes - lay eggs
marsupials - pouches placentals - live birth with placenta |
|
|
What were the earliest mammals like?
|
small, nocturnal insect eaters that lived in trees
|
|
|
Why did the mammals become so diverse?
|
many reptiles died out leaving open niches
|
|
|
What is baleen used for?
|
feeding on plankton
|
|
|
What releases heat from a mammal body?
|
sweat glands
|
|
|
What system has a rumen?
|
digestive
|
|
|
What controls the amount of water in your body?
|
kidneys
|
|
|
Give an example marsupial.
|
kangaroo, koala, possum
|
|
|
What is the function of the placenta?
|
feed developing baby
|
