Ecology, Lecture Ii

Front 1

Name this: how a behavior happens

Back 1

Proximate cause

Front 2

Name this: What triggers the behavior happens

Back 2

Causation

Front 3

Name this: change with age/learning

Back 3

Development

Front 4

Name this: why a behavior happens

Back 4

Ultimate cause

Front 5

Name this: behavior present at birth

Back 5

Innate

Front 6

Name this: behavior acquired via life experience

Back 6

learned

Front 7

FAPs stands for?

Back 7

Fixed Action Patterns

Front 8

Name this: an instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion.

Back 8

FAP

Front 9

Highly stereotyped, innate behavior
3 distinct characteristics:

Back 9

1)Once initiated, run to completion
2)Inflexible (almost no variation)
3)Species specific

Front 10

FAPs are set off by:

Back 10

releaser stimuli

Front 11

All behavior ultimately linked to:

Back 11

the genotype

Front 12

Name this: animal reared in isolation without opportunity to learn

Back 12

Deprivation experiments

Front 13

Name this: identify specific genes whose product triggers behavior

Back 13

Genetic experiments

Front 14

Genes that control behavior typically embedded in:

Back 14

genetic cascades

Thus, Simple changes to just one gene can cause dramatic changes to complex behaviors

Front 15

Name this:

Exposure to testosterone at birth necessary for male behavior.
Exposure to either hormone necessary for adult expression of behavior

Back 15

Hormonal Influence on Behavior

Front 16

What is "learning"?

Back 16

Change in behavior as a result of life experience

Front 17

Pavlov's dog is an example of:

Back 17

Conditioned response (classical learning)

Front 18

Name this:

(Geese, penguins)
Rely on a high degree of parental care to survive
Fast & irreversible
Occurs during a critical time window
If window is missed, imprinting does not occur

Back 18

Imprinting

Front 19

Name this: behavior modified by life experiences

Back 19

complex learning

Front 20

Bird songs are an example of what type of learning?

Back 20

complex learning

Front 21

Name this:

ex. Ingestion of toxic but non-lethal prey -- does not eat prey again
A very high form of learning

Back 21

Mistake based learning

Front 22

Name this:

Recognition and manipulation of facts about the world
Ability to form concepts and gain insights

Back 22

Cognition

Front 23

Name this:

New Caledonia Crows:
Make/use tools in the wild
Able to fashion tools to remove food in lab experiments

Back 23

Cognition

Front 24

Name this:

he octopus
individual learned to open jar to remove crab prey
Other individuals able to learn to do same by observing an individual that knew how
Observational learning!

Back 24

Cognition

Front 25

What is the adaptive significance of innate behavior?

Back 25

Situations where mistakes are costly

Front 26

Name this:

Individuals can make mistakes that aren't overly costly

Back 26

Learned behavior

Front 27

Define Communication

Back 27

Signal from one individual modifies behavior of another

Front 28

Define Signal

Back 28

information containing behavior

Front 29

What are the four types of signals?

Back 29

Visual
Tactile
Olfactory
Auditory

Front 30

Mating calls/pheromones are examples of what signals?

Back 30

auditory & olfactory

Front 31

Honeybee dance is what type of signal?

Back 31

tactile/auditory/olfactory

Front 32

What must be true of Deception in Communication for it to persist?

Back 32

To persist it must be rare

Front 33

Define: Migration

Back 33

Long distance movement associated with change of seasons

Front 34

Orientation
Migration

3 basic types:

Back 34

Piloting:
Compass navigation:
True navigation (bicoordinate)

Front 35

Name this:

use of visual references for orientation

Back 35

Piloting

Front 36

Name this:

use of stars, sun, magnetic fields for migration

Back 36

Compass navigation

Front 37

Name this:

compass navigation plus knowledge of where you are

Back 37

True navigation (bicoordinate)

Front 38

Name this:

Gray whale migration summer feeding grounds in the Bearing Sea winter breeding grounds off Baja California
Use visual cues from the coastline

Back 38

Piloting

Front 39

Name this:

Wandering Albatrosses
1st 9 years at sea
Able to locate and return to their natal island when they reach sexual maturity
Most likely use a combination of solar and astral cues to navigate back to their birth island

Back 39

Bicoordinate navigation

Front 40

Altruism

Back 40

Behavior that imparts a cost to self and a benefit to another

Front 41

Name the two types of altruism:

Back 41

Kin selection
Reciprocal altruism

Front 42

Define: Kin Selection

Back 42

Altruism occurs if cost is less than benefit due to relatedness

Front 43

Hamilton's rule:

Back 43

Br > C
B = benefit
r = coefficient of relatedness
C = cost

Front 44

Name this:

Altriusm in social groups that have sterile individuals
Common in some insect lines
Ants, bees
termites

Back 44

Eusociality

Front 45

Ants/bees have haplo/diploidy
Males are?
Females are?

Back 45

Males – haploid
Females – diploid

Front 46

Eusociality often results in:

Back 46

extreme division of labor

Front 47

eusociality results in what type of selection?

Back 47

kin selection

Front 48

Define: Reciprocal Altruism

Back 48

Self sacrificing behavior w/ unrelated individuals

Front 49

Reciprocal Altruism More common between individuals with ?

Back 49

More common between individuals with past history of altruism

More likely to help others if you have been helped by them in the past

Front 50

What is this: Behavior performed the same way every time

Back 50

stereotypic behavior