Ecology Lecture 18 Exam 2

Front 1

The snowshoe hares predator is what?

Back 1

Snowshoe crab

Front 2

Population cycles involve a lot of what?

Back 2

Species

Front 3

Without dispersal, what would happen to the prey as a result of the predator?

Back 3

They would go extinct

Front 4

How can prey survive?

Back 4

Long distance dispersal, prey survive

Front 5

What is the mite predator prey reaction mentioned in the slide?

Back 5

Western predatory and six spotted mice

Front 6

What does the coexistance of predator prey cycles in the lab depend on?

Back 6

Rate of predator feeding on prey

Front 7

A model of predator prey interactions that produces oscillations in predator and prey populations

Back 7

Lotka-Volterra model

Front 8

Prey equation for lotka volterra model

Back 8

Dn/dt=rN-cNP

Front 9

Explain Prey equation for lotka volterra model

Back 9

C= consumption rate of prey by predator

N= prey size

P=Predator size

Front 10

What is NxP in the lotka volterra ?

Back 10

Law of mass action

Front 11

Predator equation for lotka volterra model

Back 11

dP/dt=acNP-mP

Front 12

Explain Predator equation for lotka volterra model

Back 12

a= efficient of consumer prey converted into new predators

m= mortality rate of predation

Front 13

When is prey population stable?

Back 13

When its rate of change is zero

Front 14

When is prey increasing?

Back 14

dN/dT > 0 and p<r/c

Front 15

When are predators increasing?

Back 15

dP/dT>0 N> m/ac

Front 16

Population sizes that cause one population to be stable

Back 16

Equilibrium (zero growth isocline)

Front 17

Suppose you wanted to kepp prey population from crashing too low during its cycle in order to prevent possible extinction. Which scenario below is most likely to accomplish this?

Back 17

Increase m (if you decrease m prey go lower)

Front 18

Lotka voltera model graph

Back 18

Front 19

the relationship between the density of prey and an individuals predators rate of food consumption

Back 19

Functional response

Front 20

a change in the number of predators through population growth (due to consumption of prey) or through immigration or emigration

Back 20

Numerical response

Front 21

time spent moving around looking for prey

Back 21

Active hunting strategies

Front 22

lie in wait for prey to pass by

Back 22

Ambush (sit and wait) hunting strategies such as carnivores plants

Front 23

What are some of the way predators trap prey?

Back 23

Detection, pursuing, catching, handling, consumption

Front 24

camo that either allows an individual to match its environment or to blend in better with backgroud

Back 24

Crypsis

Front 25

Reduce a predators ability to capture, attack or handle prey

Back 25

Structural defenses

Front 26

Some organisms release what to deter predators?

Back 26

Chemicals

Front 27

Distastefulness to predators evolves in association with very conspicuous colors and patterns

Back 27

aposematism

Front 28

palatable species evolve warning coloration that resembles unpalatable species

Back 28

Batesian mimicry

Front 29

Several unpalatable species evolve a similar pattern of warning coloration

Back 29

Mullerian

Front 30

T or FL behavioral defense are rarely costly

Back 30

False, usually costly

Front 31

Why are behavioral defenses costly?

Back 31

result in reduced feeding activity or crowding in location away from predators

Front 32

What type of defense are often very energetically expensive to produce?

Back 32

Mechanical

Front 33

What can defense costs reduce?

Back 33

Growth, development and reproduction

Front 34

Two or more species evolve in response to traits in one another

Back 34

Coevolution

Front 35

Some plants have phenotypically plastic defenses induced by what?

Back 35

Attack

Front 36

Some plants have what?

Back 36

Fixed defenses

Front 37

What do structural defenses deter?

Back 37

Herbivores from consuming leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits

Front 38

What are some example of chemical defenses?

Back 38

Sticky resins and latex compounds that are hard to consume and alkaloids that have toxic effects

Front 39

What are some alkaloids?

Back 39

Caffeine, nicotine, morphine