Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many species are there
|
2 million described with a potential of 100 million
|
|
|
Which species do we know alot bout
|
large plants and vertebrates
|
|
|
what is the number of species diversity
|
10-100 million
|
|
|
why are insects so successful?
|
specialized diverse r selected small flight
|
|
|
what % or species are in rainforests and coral reefs?
|
50-80
|
|
|
community
|
association of interacting species nhabiting some defined area
|
|
|
community strcture
|
attributes such as number of species, reliatve species abundance, and species divesity
|
|
|
guild
|
group of organisms that all make their living in the same fashion
|
|
|
give an example of a guild
|
seed eating animals in the desert
|
|
|
life form
|
combo of structure and growth dynamics --> woody --> structural parasites
|
|
|
diversity
|
richness and abundance
|
|
|
Know THIS
|
there are regularities in the relativre abundance of species in communities that hold irregardless of the ecosystem
|
|
|
Who developed the concept of distribution of commonness and rarity?
|
preston
|
|
|
What does prestons common and rarity graph look like?
|
bell-- there are few very common and few very rare
|
|
|
species richness
|
number of species in the community-- how many
|
|
|
species eveness
|
how distributed
|
|
|
what is the shannon warner index?
|
way to describe evenness and richness but there are multiple formulas
|
|
|
***
|
species diversity increase with environmental complexity or heterogeneity
|
|
|
give an example of environmental complexity
|
foliage height
|
|
|
what does more complex plants lead to?
|
more complex animals
|
|
|
biodiversity
|
number and ifference and abundance
|
|
|
List the aspects of biodiversity
|
1.) character div
functional div community/ecosystem genetic population family/order/phylum species alpha and beta |
|
|
what is character diversity
|
kinds of life forms
|
|
|
what are functional diversity
|
process-- like assembly line need primary producers for respiration nitrogen fixing ollination seed dispersal
|
|
|
what is community/ecosystem diversity
|
within species
|
|
|
what is alpha diversity
|
within habitat
|
|
|
what is beta diversity
|
among habitat
|
|
|
tell how phytoplankton preset a paradox for the idea of diversity
|
they live in simple environment and yet are very complex and coexist without competitive exclusion
|
|
|
what might account for the phytoplankton paradox
|
lakes are not as homo as they appear, environ may be more complex than it appears
|
|
|
what happens when nutrients are added to water or soils
|
usually reduces diversit of plants and algae
|
|
|
why does adding fertilizer reduce diversity of plants and algae?
|
reduces number of limiting nutrients
|
|
|
give two examples of intermediate disturbance
|
prairie dogs and intertidal boulders
|
|
|
how does sousa define disturbance
|
discrete, punctuated, killing,d isplacement, or damaging of one or more individuals that directly or indirectly creates an opportunty for new indicivuals to be established
|
|
|
what doe white and pickett think about disturbANC E(two main characteristics)
|
frequency
intensity |
|
|
explain the cornell disturbance hypothesis
|
both high and low levels of disturbance would reduce diversity and intermediate promotes it because sufficient time between dist allows wide variety of species to colonice but not too long enough to allow competitive exclusion
|
|
|
what did sousa discover about diversity with intertidal boulders
|
big boulders are harderto move and less disturbed and intermediate sized held most diversity
|
|
|
primary production
|
fixation of energy by autotropsh in an ecosystem
|
|
|
rate of primary production
|
amoujnt of energy fixed over a given perod of time and space
|
|
|
gross primary vs net primary produciton
|
in excess of plants own needs
|
|
|
trophhic level
|
position in a gfood web determined by nimber of energy transfers from primary to current
|
|
|
AET
|
annuaal actual transpiration- ate of moisture and temp and rate of primary production by plotting relationship betwween annual net primary production and annualactual evapotrnaspiration
|
|
|
AET
|
annual amoutn of water that evaporates and transpires off a landscape
|
|
|
what kind of AET do cold dry ecosystems have
|
low
|
|
|
what did shaver and chapin do
|
studied adding nutrients and decided that adding both N and P is best
|
|
|
what happened in the lake where P was added?
|
phytoplankton biomass in half--> shows that nutrient avail controls rate of primary production in freshwater ecosystems
|
|
|
WHAT direction do things go to in the north
|
right
|
|
|
what direction do things go to in the south
|
left
|
|
|
what happens to movment at the equater
|
trough
|
|
|
residual variation
|
proportion of variation not explained by the independent variable
|
|
|
dillan and rigler suggested environ factors besides nutrient availability significantly influences phystoplankton biomass
|
liek intesity of predation
|
|
|
where is there a lot of wind driven coastal upwelling
|
equator
|
|
|
what did carpenter and kitchell propose
|
trophic cascade hypothesis concerning the influence of consumers on lake primary productivity
|
|
|
what happened in the absence of planktivorous minnows
|
predaceous inverts became more numerous
|
|
|
what happened where serenget grazed
|
increased productivity-- compensentary growth
|
|
|
what does compensentary growth do?
|
reduces self shading improved water balance and lowered respiration rate due to lower biomass
|
|
|
who studied the serengeti
|
mcnaughton
|
|
|
what is the rate of solar flow used in plant respiration
|
1.2%
|
|
|
what is the % of solar energy left over for secondary production or the net
|
1%
|
|
|
why would you want to be a vegetarian
|
most efficient use of energy
|
|
|
where is P found
|
sediments and mineral deposits
|
|
|
how do plants get P
|
weathering of rocks
|
|
|
there is alot of nitrogen avail but who is the only one that can use it
|
nitrogen fixers
|
|
|
how else can N be releeased
|
by fungi and bnacteria during decomp
|
|
|
how do we get N
|
meat
|
|
|
how does carbon cycle?
|
moves between organisms and atmosphere as a consequence of photosynth and respiration
|
|
|
what does the rate of decomposition tell us
|
the rate of nutrients that can cycle
|
|
|
assemilation
|
makeing inorganic into organic
|
|
|
nitrogen presence can increase decomposition
|
proven in streams
|
|
|
what did webster discover about streams
|
there is little nutrient recycling in one place because of movement-- nutrient spiraling
|
|
|
nutrient spiraling
|
-- length of stream required for a n utreitn atom to complete a cycle
|
|
|
S=
|
VT where S is sprialing length V is average velocity of anutrient atom and t is the aveage time tocomplete a cycle
|
|
|
what have humans done to nitrogen fixing
|
double it because we can make fertilizer
|
|
|
fynbos
|
temperate shrub/woodland known for high plant divesity and low soil fertility
|
|
|
what is myrica fay doing to hawaiin ecostsytems
|
it fixes nitrogent faster and is altering N dynamics-- is highering decomp rate
|
|
|
what is arcacia known for
|
being a N fixer
|
|
|
when is the peak of P
|
during snowmelgt
|
|
|
what did tschamike do
|
studied food webs associated with wetland reeds--> keystone species
|
|
|
what did paine do
|
suggested feeding activities of a few species may have a dominant influence on community structure
|
|
|
keystone species
|
any species that has a greater impact on community structure than one would predict from its abundance biomass
|
|
|
Are keystone species always predators?
|
no ex. bees cleaners fungi parasites
|
|
|
what is the efficienty % of energy
|
about 10%
|
|
|
give two examples of keystone species
|
killer whale and sea otters
|
|
|
trophic cascade
|
when teh impact of top trophic level cascades down to lower trophic levels how killer whales hurt kelp
|
|
|
direct effect
|
influence of one speices on another through immediate interaction
|
|
|
indirect effect
|
influence of a speices on another species in a roundabout manner mediated by a chnge in POPULATION SIZE of a 3rd intermediate species
|
|
|
give an example of an indirect effect
|
killer whale to urchins by eating sea lions
|
|
|
higher-order interaction
|
influence of a speices on another species ina roudaboutmanner mediated by a change in BEHAVIOR of a 3rd intermediate species
|
|
|
ex of higher order interaction
|
change in BEHAVIOR ex. if just scared sea otters
|
|
|
is a starfish a keystone species
|
yes
|
|
|
what did lubschenko do
|
proposed to resolve the effect herbivores have on plant diverrsity -- herbivores can influence
|
|
|
what did lubschenko study
|
intertidal snail- fed on green and red algae-- in absence of snail red is completitively displaced
|
|
|
low snail density
|
entero green dominates
|
|
|
medium snail density
|
competitive exclusion eliminated and algal diversity increases
|
|
|
high snail density
|
feeding requirements are high and snail preferred and less preferred algae and algal diverrsity is decreased
|
|
|
do fish act as keyston species
|
yes
|
|
|
give an example of an exotic species
|
nile perch
|
|
|
***
|
argentine ants are dispersal mutualists as keystone species
|
|
|
oppossum shrimp
|
hide during day and eat zooplankton and trout dy which mades bears and eagles die and fishermen and tourists both leave
|
|
|
DDT pros
|
cheap
sable soluble in diesel fuel highly toxic to insects non toxic to people nobel prize |
|
|
DDT cons
|
disrupts endocrine system... sticks to plans
|
|
|
bioaccumulation
|
storage of chemcial in adipose tissue
|
|
|
biomagnification
|
increase in pollutant concentrations as your move up the food web
|
|
|
what makes an ideal pesticide
|
only toxic to target
quick acting and then degrades to harmlessness long term exposure doesn't harm humans or nontarget organisms doens't allow development of resistance inexpensive Bt is close to ideal |
|
|
why are pesticides needed?
|
if not used 30% loss in crops
|
|
|
why vegetarian?
|
avoid chemicals that are stored and possible magnified
|
|
|
biological control
|
use of living organisms to control the population size of pest usually via predation fr parasitism
|
|
|
many pests are exotic species
|
true
|
|
|
the best way to control an exotic is by another exotic
|
FALSE usually
|
|
|
***
|
prickley pair moth is good
|
|
|
IPM
|
integrated pest management
|
|
|
what is IPM
|
application of ecology to nmanaging the population sizes of pests
|
|
|
what are tools used by IPM
|
trap crops --early planting
biocontrol agents crop rotation conocultrues sterile males vacuums |
|
|
how does macarthur define ecology
|
search for patterns of plants and animal life that can be put on a map
|
|
|
what is the equilibrium model of biodiversity
|
explains patterns of species diversity on islands as result of immigration and extinction rates
|
|
|
what size and distance of islands has most species
|
large and near
|
|
|
small near and large far will have what
|
intermediate
|
|
|
which island supports smallest amount
|
small far
|
|
|
who did experiments in the florida keys
|
wilson and simberloff
|
|
|
how did brown describe six categories of species richness
|
time since perturbation
productivity environmental heterogen favorableness niche breadth |
|
|
describe productivity
|
high prod means high richness becuase more energy to split up
|
|
|
describe environ hetero
|
more hetero thus more potential habitat areas and niches
|
|
|
what does favorableness imple
|
tropics have more favorable weather
|
|
|
what about niche breadth
|
ultimate causes must be physicla differences
|
|
|
true/false rozenzweig thinks that immigration is not important but speciation is
|
true
|
|
|
what happens during el nino
|
warm current off peru, sea surface iss much warmers and pressure lowers and storms are created, west is cooler and pressure higher
|
|
|
southern oscillation
|
oscillation in atmospheric pressure that extends across the pacific ocean
|
|
|
what is la nina
|
periods of lower sea surface tempa nd higher pressure in east--> drought
|
|
|
what supports half of earth's species
|
tropical forests
|
|
|
what happens to edge effect trees on the edge
|
increased wind exposure and solar radiation
|
|
|
greenhouse effect
|
heat is trapped near the earth's surface by greenhouse gases
|
|
|
what are the greenhouse gases
|
water vapor, co2, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, CFC
|
|
|
how much solar energy is reflected back by clouds
|
30$
|
|
|
how much solar energy is absorbed by atmosphere/surface
|
70%
|
|
|
when was co2 increse interrupted
|
wars depression
|
|
|
Name the four main threats to biological diversity
|
habitat loss
exotic species habitat fragmentation over exploitation |
|
|
what solved ozone hole
|
CFCs montreal protocol
|
|
|
give examples of exotics
|
feral cats
nile perch sea lamprey brown tree snake |
|
|
biodiversity hot spots
|
contain at least 1500 of 300000 enedmic plant species in the world 70% of natural vegetation and habitat--> must be protected help from world bank
|
|
|
you can do it!
|
yeah!
|
