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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name the species interaction:
- /- |
competition
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name the species interaction:
0/- |
Allelopathy
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name the species interaction:
+/+ |
Mutualism
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name the species interaction:
0/+ |
Commensalism
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name the species interaction:
+/- |
Predation
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define and give an example of
Allelopathy |
accidental/incidental harm of one species by another with no cost or benefit to the transgressor.
Eg. Walnut trees produce JUGLONES (an herbicide) which is toxic to some plants, but not to others. |
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define and give examples of
Mutualism |
relation ship between 2 species in which both species benefit
Eg. -Plant & pollinator -Lichens: fungi and alga -Mycorhizzal fungi -"cleaner" fish & sheltering host -ants and acacia (ants live in hollow swollen thorns and protect plant!) -protozoans assist termites in wood digestion |
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define and give example of
Commensalism |
species interaction where one species benefits while the other is basically unaffected
Eg. Epiphytic or epizooic organisms (living upon a plant or animal) Phoresy (hitch hiking) Epizoochory/Endozoochory (animal seed dispersal) Transient commensalism (nurse organisms) |
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define and give example of
Epiphytic or epizooic organisms |
Living upon a plant or animal (a commensalism)
Eg. human follicle mite, barnacles on a whale, orchids living on a tree |
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define and give example of
transient commensalism |
Temporary Commensalism
Eg. Nurse plants/animals: In the desert, Palo Verde trees act as a "nurse plant" to young Saguaro cacti by protecting them from the cold in the winter and from the intense sun in the summer |
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define and give example of
Phoresy |
temporary animal "hitch-hikers" ( a commensalism)
Eg. pseudoscorpions ride on insects, bird louse rides on bird fly. |
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define and give example of
Epizoochory/endozoochory |
Greek: disperse upon an animal
or disperse inside an animal epi: hooked burrs attach to hair or clothing endo: seeds eaten in fruits and dispersed in poo. |
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Predation in which prey always dies and many prey are utilized over predator's lifetime.
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Conventional or "true" predators
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Predation in which prey always dies and a single prey is utilized over predator's lifetime
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parasitoids
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Predation in which prey doesn't need to die and many prey are utilized over predator's lifetime
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Grazers
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Predation in which prey doesn't need to die and many a single prey is utilized over predator's lifetime
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conventional or "true" parasite
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examples of a conventional "true" predator?
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-venus fly trap
-Barracuda -mud dauber wasp (spider predation) -Arthrobotrys is a fungus that preys upon nematodes! |
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Examples of parasitoids?
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(one predator, one prey which always dies)
Eg. wasp lays egg into aphid and larva eats aphid from the indside Many insects host nematomorph worms (crickets, mantises) |
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examples of grazers?
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-Lake Malawi eyebiter fish! grazes scales and eyes of other fish!
-vampire bats graze blood -cookie cutter shark -cows/buffalo,sheep, etc |
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examples of true conventional parasites?
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(don't kill host but may harm over time.)
-dodder -caterpillars are plant parasites -fleas |
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what is the best explanation for predator avoidance strategies we find in modern creatures?
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STRONG past natural selection
* predation is a strong selective pressure! |
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
Aposematic coloration |
Warning coloration
(Greek: sign away from) Eg. poison dart frogs, wasps, snakes, blue ring octopus |
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
Mimicry |
looks like a dangerous "model"
Eg. monarch and bee mimics |
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
Crypsis |
Camouflage, blending in
Eg. stick bug, leaf bug, disruptive colors and patterns, bird poop caterpillar, |
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list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
Startle behavior |
big "eyes", shaking (as spiders often do)
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
polymorphisms |
differing from others of one's species defeats the predators the predator's "search image"
Eg. different colors and designs of snail shells of same species, female spider color variation |
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
temporal avoidance |
Unpredictable prey habits
-avoid by day/night -13 and 17 year locusts (Cicadas) elude predators by emerging at unpredictable intervals |
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list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
defensive |
stinging hairs/spines on caterpillars
blister beetles porcupines needles |
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
masting |
saturating the predator.
sometimes even if millions are eaten, some are able to survive Eg. acorns mast(offset acorn weevil predation from 100% in non-masting years to 95-99% in masting years), also Mayflies,cicadas |
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
optical illusion |
Squirrel tail flicker, snake striping, zebra
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Explain and list an example of the following predator avoidance strategy:
tissue sacrifice |
Some animals can regenerate tissues which they readily jettison to distract a predator
lizard tail, spider and insect appendages, sea cucumber viscera |
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snake striping: why are some longitudinally striped and others are transversely striped?
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longitudinal: for fast predators, this confuses prey
transversely striped or blotchy: predator crypsis for slower ambush prey. |
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Mimicry which explains how a mimic may mimic a mimic of the original harmful "model" organism is called _______. Several species share the same warning patterns.
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Mullerian mimicry
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Mimicry which explains only the primary mimicry of the original harmful "model" organism is called _______. (Only 1 mimic, 1 model)
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Batesian mimicry
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define population
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all of the individuals of a species that co-occur in time and space
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define demography
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the systematic study of the fates of individuals of a population over time. It uses past events to predict future events.
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what are the 2 fundamental approaches to demography?
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"age specific life table" (follows the fates of a single cohort until all die)
and "time specific life table" (categorizing all individuals into age classes at a single point in time) |
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define "cohort" as used in statistics and demography.
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A group of subjects who have shared a particular time together during a particular time span.
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standardizing survivors in demography. ROT numbers?
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scale to 1000!
45 out of 50 = 900 out of 1000 One way to do this is to take numbers as a percentage and multiply by 10. |
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what is a time specific life table?
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categorizing all individuals into age classes at a single point in time
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what is an age specific time table?
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follows the fates of a single cohort until all die
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In Demography:
dx |
number of individuals dying between interval x and x + 1
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In Demography:
nx |
number of survivors and beginning of interval x
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In demography:
lx |
proportion of individuals surving to interval x
lx= nx / n0 |
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In demography:
qx |
mortality rate between interval x and x+1
dx/nx |
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in demography:
ex |
mean expectation of life for individuals alive at the beginning of interval x
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In demography explain type I, type II and type III curves.
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type I: low infant mortality and low reproduction per individual, large body size
type II: mortality is consistent throughout life type III: high infant mortality, survivors produce many young, small body size |
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define polygyny.
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Greek: many females
1 male mates with multiple females. (most common in vertebrates) In mammals this is often associated with stronger sexual dimorphism. |
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define polyandry
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greek: many males
1 female mates with several males (most common in plants, rare in vertebrates) |
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what are the 2 types of polygamy?
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polyandry (multiple males)
polygyny (multiple females) |
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What is R selection?
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A population that is most affected by it REPRODUCTIVE RATE.
type III survivorship, short lifespan, competition variable. Mice, sea turtles, weedy species |
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What is K selection?
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I apopulation most affected by CARRYING CAPACITY
type I or II survivorship, slower development, longer lifespan Elephants, palms |
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explain "grimes triangle"
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like a soil triangle showing the spectrum of survivorship strategies.
The three strategies are competitor ("C", predictable), stress tolerator ("S", uniformly scarce but tough), and ruderal ("R", weedy species). |
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what's a ruderal?
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a weedy species, type III survivorship
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community?
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assemblage of all populations that coexist in time and space
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type 1 keystone species?
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top predator, "top down" effect
eg, sea otter, sea star, wolf. Can affect scavengers, prey plant communties, etc! Keeps prey species healthy |
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type 2 keystone species?
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Not sure...
Disturbance makers. eg. beavers alligators and elephants- disturbances make niches for many organisms "bottom up" effect Eg. Prairie dogs, many species rely on kelp & plankton |
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example of indirect species interaction?
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parasite weakens gazelle, makes it vulnerable to cheetah
(alternative: DIRECT -2 way interspecific interactions) |
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examples of primary succession?
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glaciers, volcanoes, lake Michigan's receding waters, flood
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examples of secondary succession?
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communities affected by fires & storms, old farm fields
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autogenic succession?
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Biotic succession:change that is a consequence of organisms and their dead tissues
eg. humus, leaf litter, roots cause aeration and soil structure |
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Allogenic succession?
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Abiotic succession: change that is a product of climactic and or geophysical properties
eg. dust fallout, fines from weathered rock |
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invasive species which girdles many genera of trees?
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Asian longhorn beetle!
Potential to be more devastating than dutch elm disease, gypsy moth, and emerald ash borer combined! |
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what is a mycotrophic plant?
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obtain nutrients and organic carbon from mycorrhizal fungi
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semelparity?
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When a species is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death
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iteroparity?
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If a species is characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime
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dollar value of earth's ecosystems?
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16 - 54 trillion annually. that's 1.8 time the gross world product (GWP)!
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