Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Symbiosis |
the intimate and protracted association between two or more different species
- coevolution is evident in these interactions |
|
|
Parasitism |
a close association between two species that is beneficial to one (parasite) and harmful to the other (host)
- exploitation for food and habitat - generally do not kill their hosts |
|
|
Cleptoparasitism |
when one animal (parasite) "steals" food gathered by another (host) |
|
|
Infection |
a heavy load of parasites
|
|
|
Disease
|
the outcome of an infection |
|
|
Microparasites |
characterized by small size and short generation time
- viruses, bacteria, protozoa |
|
|
Macroparasites |
relatively large with a comparatively long generation time and usually involve intermediate hosts and carriers
- invertebrates and fungi |
|
|
Hemiparasitic |
plants are photosynthetic plants that contain chlorophyll (e.g. mistletoe)
- depends on host for water (nutrients in water) |
|
|
Holoparasitic |
plants are nonphotosynthetic (e.g. dodder, broomrape)
- completely dependent on host for survival |
|
|
Ectoparasties |
those that live on the host's skin within the protective cover of feathers and hair |
|
|
Endoparasites |
live within the host (e.g., beneath the skin, bloodstream, gills of fish)
|
|
|
Parasitic Mode of Entry/Exit |
must gain access to and escape from the host - enter thru the host's skin, mouth, etc. - travel to the point of infection through pulmonary, circulatory and digestive systems
|
|
|
Direct Transmission |
type of transmission that can occur by direct contact with a carrier, or the parasite can be dispersed from one host to another
- microparasites transmitted this way more often |
|
|
Transmission of Macroparasites |
- female roundworms lay eggs in host's gut - feces are dispersed to environment - bird and mammal spread by direct contact |
|
|
Holoparasites |
e.g., squawroot and beech-drops |
|
|
Definitive Host |
the host species in which the parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity |
|
|
Intermediate Host
|
harbor some developmental phase
- parasites may require one or more intermediate hosts, therefore dynamics of a parasite population is tied to interactions of various host species |
|
|
Host Response to Parasitic Invasions |
1. Grooming by mammals and birds 2. Inflammatory response - scabs or cysts - immune cells attack infection
|
|
|
Vertical Transmission |
parasites transmitted directly from the mother to the offspring --- because the host must survive to maturity for parasites to be transmitted |
|
|
Parasitism's Effect on Host Populations |
chestnut blight introduced to N.A., exterminated the native American chestnut
Dutch elm disease into America nearly exterminated American and English elms
Avian malaria eliminated most of Hawaii's native birds |
|
|
Parasites and Density-Dependence |
parasites may function as this on host populations
usually involves a native parasite maintained in the population by a small number of carrier individuals
- e.g., distemper in racoons, rabies on foxes |
|
|
Commensalism |
a relationship between two species in which one species benefits without significantly affecting the other |
|
|
Mutualism |
a relationship that is beneficial to both species
- rats infected with tapeworm - mollusks infected with flukes
often results from reciprocal exploitation instead of cooperative effor |
|
|
Benefits to Mutualism |
- access to resources (including habitat) - protection - reduced competition with third species - dispersal |
|
|
Level of Dependency Between Two Species
|
obligate mutualists cannot survive or reproduce without the mutualistic interaction
facultative mutualists can survive without the interaction |
|
|
Degree of Specificity |
specialists: species-specific interactions
generalist: association with a wide diversity of mutualistic partners |
|
|
|
|
