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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rarity
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1) large range, low density. 2) small range, high density.
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dispersability
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low dispersability has a higher probability of extinction
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generalist
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species who live and eat anything and anywhere have a low percentage of extinction
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specialists
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species who can only eat or live certain thing and places have a high P.E.
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2 schools of pop. regulation
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density independent (nonequilibrium) and density dependent (equilibrium)
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density independent
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mortality acting on a pop. is abiotic. ex. fires floods freezes
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density independent scientists
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h. anderworth and l. Burch. (20s) later, t.c.r. white. (70s)
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density dependent scientists
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r.pearl and aj lokett (20s) then a. nickelsent and V.burley (30s)
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density dependent regulation
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density fluctuates around an equilibrium. if pop gets too far above or below eq, biotic factors kick in an set it back.
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group selection theory
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pops regulate their birth and consumption rates based on resources in environment. so resources aren't exhausted
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GST scientists
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1962 V.c. Wynne Edwards. based on observations of d. lack.
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problems with GST
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cheating alleles, groups must go extinct faster than individual, organisms can't accurately asses resources available, murder
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problems with darwinian evolution
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altruism, sterile workers, sexual reproduction,
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altruism
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occurs between related individuals. prairie dogs.
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coefficient of relatedness
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r. probab. that two individuals share the same allele. and genetic relatedness to each other.
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w.d. Hamilton
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how to calculate r. r=(1/2)(1/2)+(1/2)(1/2)
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c/b < r
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cost over benefit. is c b is less than r then you will sacrifice yourself.
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inclusive fitness
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total genetic contribution or individual. includes it's direct out put plus that of all its relatives.
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nature vs nurture
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at least to some degree behaivors have genetic basis.
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f. o. wilson
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founded sociobiology
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trisomy
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supermales XYY
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advantages of living in groups
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for sexual species it increases the chance of reproducing. 2) many eyes 3) predators are more successful hunting in groups 4) cooperative brood care
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disadvantages of groups
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1) increased competition 2) faster disease spread
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abiotic factors that affect abundance and distribution of species
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temperature and amount of water and precipitation
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kerry Mullis
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pcr. polymerase chain reaction
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age structure
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divides pop into age classes.
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age structure diagram
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predicts if a pop will increase or decrease over time.
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demography
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study of the age strucutre and number of individuals in a pop. of a species.
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life tables
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age structure of pop summarized
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static/time specific life table
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snapshot of a pop at this moment. long lived species
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cohort/age specific life table
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following a group/cohort from birth to death. short lived species
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x
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age class time interval
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nx
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# or individuals alive at x
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dx
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# of individuals dying during age class x
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lx
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proportion of individuals that survive to the start of age class x. ranging between 0 and 1.
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qx
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proportion that died between age class x and X + 1
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px
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survivors during age class x to x+1. qx-px = 1
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Lx
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average # of individuals alive during x to x+1. calc life expectancy
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why does sexual reproduction evolve?
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disease resistance. sex.reproduction scrambles surface receptors of cells so it is harder for a virus to infect
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dx equation
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nx-nx+1
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lx equation
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nx/n0
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qx equation
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dx/nx
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Lx equation
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(nx+nx+1)/2
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Tx equation
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sumof the start of Lx to end
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ex equation
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Tx / nx
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