Ecology Ch 7-14

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Life history

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record of events and landmarks relating to growth, development, reproduction, and survival

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optimal

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resulting in maximizing fitness, life histories are described as optimal

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Life history strategy

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overall pattern in timing and nature at life history events averaged across all individulals of species

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phenotypic plasticity:

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the ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

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allocation

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the relative amounts of energy or resources that an organism devotes to different tasks

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morphs

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discrete phenotypes with few or no intermediate forms

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polyphenism

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type of phenotypic plasticity in which a single genotype produces mutiple, discrete phenotypes

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Omnivore and carnivore tadpoles

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omnivore tadpoles can turn into carnivore tadpoles when fed shrimp. carnivore tadpoles grew and metamorphose faster so they had better chances in surviving in small lake and had bigger jaws.

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Allometry

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differential growth of body parts that results in a change in shape or proportion in size

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First organisms to evolve on earth probably reproduced by..

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mitosis, asexulaly by cell division

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Isogamy

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the production of equal sized gametes

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in most multi-cellular organisms, anisogamy occurs...

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the gametes are different sizes

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Werner calculated that of 33 phyla of animals, ___ had life cycles

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25

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what percent of animals undergo metamorphosis?

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80%

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Simple life cycles are often called

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direct development

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Sporophyte

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a multi cell diploid life cycle stage, found in many algae and all plants, that produces haploid spores

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gametophyte

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a multi cell haploid life cycle found in many algae and all plants, that produces haploid gametes

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semelparous

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species that only produce once in a lifetime

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iteroparous

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species that reproduce multiple times in their lives

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semelparous plant

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century plant

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r-selection

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live fast and die young, population density low, reproduce rapidly

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k-selection

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slow and steady, longer lived, increases steadily until reaching population capacity

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stress

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any abiotic factor that llimits growth

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Grime's model, low stress, low disturbance

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competitive plants

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Grime's model: high stress, low disturbance

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stress tolerant plants

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Grime's model of high distrubance, low stress

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ruderals such as weeds

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Grime's model. which plants are r-selection adn k selection?

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competitive plants are in the middle. ruderals are r-relection. stree tolerant plants are k-selection

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Charnov's life cube is based on:

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size of offspring relative to adults, reproductive life span & maturity, reproductive effort

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Lack clutch size

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the max number of offspring a parent can successfully raise to maturity. more offsping = less survival rates

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size number trade off

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plants that produce many seeds are small while plants that produce few seeds are large

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senescence

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a decline in the fitness of an organism with age as a result of phsiological deterioration

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endosperm

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nutrient rich material that sustains the developing embryo of plants and often young seedlings

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disapause

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a state of suspended animation or dormacy before germination

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ontogenetic niche

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size or stage specfifc ecological role

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paedomorphic

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resulting from a delay of a development relative to sexular maturity

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genet

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a single genetic indivdual produceing in a single fertilization (grove of trees)

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ramet

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independent members of a genet

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dispersal limitation

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can prevent species from reaching areas of suitable habitat

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Fish and open/closed pools

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less overcrowding in open pools and lower death rates, high reproductive rates

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Cooperative breeding

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offspring postpone breeding and help parents raise offspring

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why do birds- cooperative breeeding

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decline in high quality sites

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mark and recapture equation

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M/N=R/C
m=marked
n=total pop.
r=recaptured
c=captured

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relative population size

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data compared from one place periodically can be used to estimate this

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outbreak of disease-mice

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increased rain led to increased plant growth, increasing mice population.

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niche model

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a predictive tool that models the environmental conditions occupied by a species based on the conditions at localities it is known to occupy

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Life tables: N-x =

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number of individuals alive as x time

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Life tables: s-x

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survival rate: chance individual will survive to be x+ 1

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Life tables I-x:

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survivorship: portion of individuals that survive from birth to age x

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cohort life table:

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the fate of a group of individuls born the same time

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static life table:

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survival and reporudction of individuals of different ages during a single time period are recorded

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survivorship curve:

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measures the I-x (survivorship) and age

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type I survivorship curve:

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(humans) high survival rates till old age. arched curve

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type II survivorship curve:

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(bird thrushes) individuals have constant chance of dying thoughout their lives (straight line)

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type III survivorship curve:

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(plants) individuals have high death rates when young, but high survival rates later

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population size calculations; lambda stands for

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yearly population growth rate

lambda = (n-(t+1))/ (N-t)

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geometric growth

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population changes in size by a constant proportion from one discrete time period to the next

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geomtric growth results in the graph as :

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J-shape curve with dots

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exponential growth results in the graph as :

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J-shape curve line

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r represents

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the exponention pop growth rate or the intrinsic rate of incease

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doubling time

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time it takes for population to double its size

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Net reporductive rate (R-0)

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mean number of offspring produced by an individual during its lifetime

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density indep factors

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effects of birth or death rates are independent of the number of individuals in a population

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density dependent factors

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influences population size

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logistic growth

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rapid pop growth then reaches carrying capacity

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population size=

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birth-death+immigation-emmigration

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jump dispersal

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species coloinze new geographic are by long distance

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sheep in tasmania showed

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population increase then went to a logistic curve (fluctuate at carrying capacity)

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population outbreak

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number of population increases rapidly

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collared lemming demonstrates

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population cycles

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delayed density dependance

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delays in the effect of density on a population size

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time lag (t), when r(t) is small, intermediate, and large

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small- logistic growth
intermed- damped oscillarions
large- stable limit cycle

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damped oscillations

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deviations from the carrying capacity getting smaller over time

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Blowfly populations and delayed density dependence

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when adult density high, few eggs leading to fluctuations. when food for adults limited,.flucuations reduced,

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fluctuation in pop growth, ___ rate of extinction

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increases

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small pops are at much ___ risk of extinction than large pops

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greater

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genetic drift

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chnace events influence which alleles are passed on to the next generation

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demographic stochasticity

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chance events related to survival can result in outcomes that differ from averages

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allele effects

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pop growth decreases as density decrase due to difficulty in finding mates

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environmental stochasticity

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erratic or unpredictable changes in the environment

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resuce effect

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high immigration to protect an pop from extinction in metapopulations

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freshwater diaoms..

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two species together, one reached extinction due to competition for silica

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competition can increase in intensity when resources are scarce

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plants: below ground competition increase when nitrogen was low. above ground competition increased when light levels were low

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exploitation competition

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species compete indirectly through mutual effects on the availablity of a shared resource

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interference competition

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species directly compete on access to a resource

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aleoplopathy

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a form of interference competition in which one species releases toxins that harms another

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barnacles competition

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chthamalus us excluded from lower parts due to compeition to semibanalus. semibanalus is excluded to upper part due to sensitivity to dessication

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competitive exclusion principle

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two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist indinintely

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Paramecium competition study

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P.a and P.c were grown together and P.c was extinct. Pa and Pb grew together and both persisted because Pb used different food source

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resource partitioning

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different species use a resource differently

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resource partitioning in lizards

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within species, large lizards used thicker perches but among species small lizards used thicker perches

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lotka voterra competiion model

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modified logistic equation, with competion coefficient (alpha, beta) which describe the effect on one species on the other

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fugitive species

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species that must disperse from one place to another as environmental conditions change

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character displacement

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competition causes forms of competing species to evolve to become more different overtime

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parasitoids

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insects that typically lay eggs in another animal, host

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aposematic coloration

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warns predators not to eat them

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mimicry

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mimics a dangerous or less desirable prey

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crypsis

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has shape or coloration that provides camoflague

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snail shell shape and predator avoidance

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those shells that were easier to crack, seeked refuge faster tham harder shelled snails

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compensation

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removal of the plant stimulates new growth

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secondary compounds

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plants produce toxic compounds for protection

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induced defense

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stimulated by herbivore attack

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tobacco and defenses

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secondary compound on herbivore, attracts predators. when gene lox3 was silent, increased herbivore attacks

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foxes in alaska

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decrease birds, increases shrubs. turned grassland to tundra.

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snails altering aquatic communities

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less plants, higher phosphurus, increase phytoplankon

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symbionts

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species living in or on another

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some insects have lamellocytes

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which are blood cells that can form sheaths around large objects

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disease transmission B(SI)

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B= transmission coefficent
SI= encounter rate

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trophic mutualism

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a mutulalist recieves energy or nutrients from its partner

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habitiat mutualisms

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one partner provided the other with shelter